湘乡曾国藩与娄底卡内基
传统中国在称呼上有很多讲究,或者说是礼貌,第一条,不能对人直呼其名——其人之君亲师例外。古人皆有表字,便是为了相互称呼的方便。此外,还有更尊敬的办法,那就是连其人的姓氏也一并“讳称”。例如,一说瑯琊,大家就明白这是说姓王的,一说天水,大家就明白这说的是赵氏;此即所谓“地望”。还有一些地方,不是某姓发源之所,也不是同姓聚居之地,但因为地方上出了名人,一说那个地名,大家也能明白所指,即如近代,就有王船山(夫之)、李合肥(鸿章)、袁项城(世凯)、康南海(有为)等人。吾湘地名代称,最著名者便是湘乡——韶山作为地名,当然更著名,只是说“毛韶山”的极为罕见,远不如“曾湘乡”三字约定俗成,广为人知。陈寅恪说自己“议论近乎湘乡、南皮”,即谓曾国藩、张之洞(河北南皮人)是老成典型,而以地望代称,则示尊敬。
但是,曾国藩的故居所在地——双峰县荷叶镇富托村,却不在今日的湘乡市境内,而属于娄底。若要较真,我们就不好再说曾湘乡,而应该说曾娄底了;只是,历史的影响远比行政区域一时一地的更变来得长远,将来,即算娄底并入广东省,大家仍然会说曾国藩是湖南人吧。不过,曾国藩故居“迁址”以后,因历史影响而带来的现实利益,湘乡就要吃点亏了。据闻,当地政府正拟修缮曾国藩故居,将其“定位”为“成功学教育基地”,广揽宾朋,大襄“文化搭台、经济唱戏”的盛举。倘能经营如法,精神物质双文明的大丰收,可以想见。
美国人卡内基的“成功学”是舶来品,以传统中国学问对应的话,其源当为《大学》所谓的“修身齐家治国平天下”,其流则为《颜氏家训》、《朱子治家格言》、《呻吟语》之类教人修身处世的书,庶几近似。据鄙人的一知半解,近日的“成功学”教材已不再如刚入中土时,唯洋是尚,全盘西化,而更注重在当代中国背景下的本土化和可操作性,或可称之为“西体中用”——理论是卡内基的,案例则是中国的。此与近代史上有名的“中体西用”似相违背,然在“一球样”(Globalization,李零译,俗译“全球化”)的今天,准以“民族的就是世界的”之原则,则体什么用什么,似亦无须多作计较。问题的关键在于,是不是用了都说好,谁用谁知道。
“成功学”练成之人,应可称为成功人士。但是,修炼“成功学”之人虽多,成功人士却不多见。即以曾国藩论:《曾文正公嘉言钞》是梁启超精心编排用以教育国人救亡图存的,可嗣后真正改变赤县神州的有用之学却不是这一套;《曾胡治兵语录》是蒋中正在军中大力推广的“教辅资料”,但是国民党军队的结局远较湘军为差;今日市面上冠以曾氏之名的各类“宝典”极为畅销,但是,除了“打落牙齿和血吞”之类的忍字诀(或谓此即“挺经”之精意),似别无引人入胜的话头。以此,不得不令人怀疑曾氏“成功学”是否仅是一个商业噱头,并无实效。以此,不得不令人担忧“教育基地”的未来,是否真能教学相长,盆满钵满。
话又说回来,就算所谓“教育基地”真是个商业噱头,但若在修缮故居的时候,修旧如旧——而非修旧如新,乃至修的面目全非——总算是一桩存古怀远的好功德,值得表彰。娄底不出卡内基,实非憾事;湘乡有个曾国藩,风味亦自不恶也。
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