学问优长
“我的朋友”胡适之说:发明一个字的古义,与发现一颗恒星,都是一大功绩。他讲这话,是为了提倡“整理国故”,也就是要用科学方法“整合”和“复兴”乾隆、嘉庆时期的一门学问。这门学问,号称“乾嘉朴学”,即训诂考据之学,有时候也称汉学。与乾嘉朴学不同,还有一种学问,叫理学,又称宋学。俗谓“村学究”,就是汉学的基层代表;俗谓“道学家”,即泛指宋学的粉丝们(fans)。当然,“道学家”和“村学究”的学问都不怎么样,其学养适足与电视剧中常见的“马列大妈”一较短长。
作学问,就是要百花齐放、百家争鸣,汉学做好扎实的基础研究,宋学发挥性命天道的精妙,取长补短,共同提高,固然是相得益彰的好事。但是,道光以来,汉宋之争势如水火,不单不相与谋,还要鸣鼓而攻,这是为什么呢?症结就在“学而优则仕”这五个字。
学问是学问,做官是做官,本来是两码事。但是,科举制度却风马牛为一体,将二者紧密地结合起来。一旦学问成了敲门砖,那么,学问与学问之间,也就有了红黑冷热的差别。派往各省的主考们,若是汉学家,录取的便多是考据派;若是理学家,毫无疑问,望之俨然的岳不群们中举的几率就大得多。这是地方上的情形。举子们赴京参加会试,高考指挥棒就由皇帝和大学士们操纵,揣摩风尚,投其所好,就成了必做的功课。
曹振镛盘踞内阁达二十三年之久,军机处也呆了十六年,他对理学的偏爱必然影响乃至决定此时及将来的考风走向。于是,汉学爱好者们发现作官的路越走越窄,宋学迷则躬逢盛世,大有作为。
流风所及,身处高位的汉学领袖阮元在官场上也遭受打击。阮元,乾隆末就是副部级干部,此后,历任督抚三十馀年。某日闲谈,旻宁问:阮元的官运怎么这么好呢?曹振镛答:由于学问优长。再问:怎么个优长法?答:臣听说他在督署内日日刻书,时刻不忘治学。数语间,汉学研究和不务正业划上了等号。没过多久,阮元就被内召,投闲置散,没有了实权。
于是,理学派开始全面掌握主流话语权。
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