听 与 聽

2005年4月14日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

一 “听”是一个字
《说文》：“听，笑皃，从口，斤声，宜引切”；段玉裁《注》引司马相如《上林赋》“亡是公听然而笑”为证。《龙龛手鉴》曰：“听，口大皃”；《玉篇》曰：“听，仰鼻，又笑皃”；《集韵》：“听，嗞口开皃”；《正字通》引杨慎曰：“听、古哂字”；按人笑，多作仰首张口状，故“口大”、“仰鼻”、“嗞口开”、“哂”等义项，均与《说文》所谓“笑皃”无甚区别。易言之，可以说《说文》的解释最准确，最概括。
二 “聽”是一个字
聽，平声，有收受声音（如〈论语檀弓〉：“夫子式而聽之”）、采信、取信（如〈宋史〉卷四四二〈苏舜欽传〉：“大臣归咎于刑狱之濫，陛下聽之”）、等候（如徐渭〈雌木兰〉第二齣：“念其劳役多年，令驰还乡休息三月，仍聽取用”）顺从（如〈韩非子五蠹〉：“民固骄于爱聽於威矣”）、耳闻之事（如诸葛亮〈出师表〉：“诚宜开张圣聽，以光先帝遗德”）、厅堂（通假，如刘义庆〈世說新語黜免〉：“大司马府聽前有一老槐甚扶疏”）、量词（英語tin之音译）和姓氏等义项。
读去声，则有治理（如：“垂帘聽政”）、裁決（如：〈论语颜渊〉：“聽讼、吾犹人也”）、任由（如〈西游记〉第九回：“这江州有个金山寺、焦山寺，聽你在那个寺里去”）等义项。
三 “听”是“聽”的俗体字
《古今正俗字诂》：“俗浅率以‘听’代减笔‘聽’字，音义俱失，殊乖大正”；如前所述，“听”与“聽”的读音和字义毫无相通之处，故曰以“听”代“聽”是“俗浅”之人“殊乖大正”的陋行。
四 “听”是“聽”的简化字
简化字并非49以后的创举。但是，49前后的汉字简化，以严谨、合理作标准的话，可以说后不如前。以“听”代“聽”，便是49后的简化字，49前并没这么做。
五 “听”还是的俗字
，“嗞愧皃”（《集韵》），读若沂。
六 小结
“听”被当作“聽”的简化字，对于我国文化最大的损失，不是让国民都变成了“俗浅”之人，每天都说着看着音义两乖的俗体字，而是让“听然而笑”这种典雅修辞在日常生活中永远消亡。

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