野史正——左宗棠的美容事故

2006年12月10日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

历史事件的意义不断被后人修正，历史人物的面貌亦因此不断改变。譬如，曾国藩的面貌，自晚清以来，就经历了数次“整容”。一开始，是“中兴名臣”；及至推翻满清，建立民国，便成了不知大义的“民贼”、“元凶”（章太炎《检论•近思》）；自唯物史观占了上风，更被全面否定，变成“汉奸、刽子手”（范文澜《汉奸刽子手曾国藩的一生》）；近二十年来，风尚又变，才渐渐恢复了“文正公”的庄严。依有难同当之义，他的战友和同事——左宗棠，自也逃不过“整容”；惟宗棠之“整容”，非如“变脸”之类大手术，而更像点痣、纹眉的“美容”小手术。因为，宗棠除了参加内战，还与英、俄等帝国主义作过斗争，他的事迹是吾国屈辱的近代史上少数几个亮点之一。尽量弱化他在内战中的表现，甚而表明他有积极、进步的另一面，是对他进行“美容”的根本原因。
于是，范文澜撰《中国近代史》（1947年），乃云：“据比较可信的传说，当太平军围长沙时，左宗棠曾去见洪秀全，论攻守建国的策略，劝放弃天主耶稣，专崇儒教，秀全不听。宗棠夜间逃走”；这段叙述的深意在于，宗棠并非自始即甘心充当封建地主阶级的“走狗”，而是对革命事业抱有同情，甚至有参加革命的实际行动。易言之，不是宗棠拒绝革命，而是革命家不带他玩；这是历史的悲剧，也是个人的悲剧。若然，可说手术成功。
但是，手术真成功了么？我们来做个鉴定。
先看看“比较可信的传说”是怎么回事。早于范氏，对太平天囯战争进行深入研究的史家，萧一山为最著。他写《清代通史》（1932年），就提到了宗棠与秀全的故事，只是，他注明 “传闻之辞，未可轻信”。更早，提到这段传说的则是日人稻叶君山撰《清朝全史》（1914年），略谓：“据长沙人言，洪天王围长沙时，有一人布衣单履，与天王论攻守建国之策。天王不能用。其人乘夜逃去。考清末刊行之书，有曰《支那》者，以为此人即左宗棠也。此说或不诬也”；按，《支那》，即宋教仁、黄兴于1905年在东京创办的《二十世纪之支那》杂志；撰稿人多为两湖留日学生，故稻叶说，“据长沙人言”。那么，宋、黄等青年长沙人又听谁说的呢？还得往更早的时候查，最好能找到咸丰二年长沙保卫战时的第一手材料。找啊找，天佑宗棠，果然找到了。
其时，长沙知府为仓景愉，他有一部回忆录——《静叟自述》，“咸丰二年”条云：“茶陵牧刘旭，失守降贼，献攻城论及诗文甚多。于城外空屋中获之。念此等乱臣贼子，登诸奏牍，于国体有关，毙之狱”。按，景愉自始至终参与了长沙之役，诸凡布防、捕匪、抓间谍之事，无不躬亲，若宗棠真去见了洪天王，他不会不知道。同时，他与左宗棠相处极不融洽，并因“私铸大钱”案被宗棠严厉查处，若宗棠真去见了洪天王，他决不会为贤者讳。可见，当日长沙城外，确实有人投奔太平军，为革命事业献计献策。只是，这个人不是左宗棠。
其实，要对“传说”进行证伪，根本不用这么麻烦。只要考察宗棠与时人的往来书信，以及相关人士的年谱、日记，以确定他的行止，再比对洪秀全的行踪（譬如罗尔纲撰《太平天囯史•洪秀全传》），就能发现，左、洪不仅在咸丰二年缘悭一面，终其一生，也是“人生不相见，动如参与商”。
至此，可以鉴定：左宗棠的“美容”手术不成功，这是一个医疗事故。然而，这样的事故实在太多了，且都成了故事，且将不断的“传说”下去。奈何？

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