士大夫之学

2006年12月26日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

　　余英时论曾国藩之治学，谓可分为两个阶段。第一阶段，叫做“猛火煮”。其时，国藩虽为翰林，却常因学殖浅陋，为人所笑，乃下定决心，“屏除一切，从事于克己之学”(道光廿二年家书)，要求自己每日须写字若干、抄书若干、读书若干，“虽极忙，亦须了本日功课”(道光廿四年家书)。成效甚著，仅道光廿四年下半年，他便读完《后汉书》、《王荆公文集》、《归震川文集》与《诗经大全》，皆施圈批，一丝不苟。第二个阶段，则是嗣后二十余年的“慢火温”，大致可总结为：生书快读以求广博，旧书熟读以求约取；读书范围，以义理、词章、经济、考据四科为限。余英时之喻，出于《朱子语类》，是说做学问就像熬一锅汤，“须爇猛火先煮，方用慢火煮”；然则曾国藩最末熬成一锅什么样的汤呢？看他自己如何说：“吾生平读书百无一成，而于古人为学之津途，实已窥见其大”(咸丰九年家书)。对此，余英时做了一个有趣的解释，称国藩没有走“专家”的道路，而是完成了自己的“士大夫之学”，庶几等同于西方的“通识”教育。因为，渊源于欧洲文艺复兴时代人文主义的“通识”教育，与中国传统“士大夫之学”一样，皆以塑造完美人格为最高理想，而不仅追求精于一艺的专业成就(《曾国藩与“士大夫之学”》，载广西师大版《余英时文集》第九卷)。
　　只是，要修成塑造完美人格的“士大夫之学”，除了读书，必还有一份具体的行为指南，余英时的文章于此未作评述，不免遗憾。欲考察某人的日常行为，自以研究其人《日记》为最便，然而，岳麓版《曾国藩全集》所收《日记》恰恰缺少这部分内容。自道光廿六年至咸丰七年的日记，《全集》俱付阙如，其中，绝大部分因曾国藩座船遭太平军火攻而被焚毁，永不可见；而咸丰元、二年间的日记，尚存人间，惜编者不察，遂致遗珠。1965年，台湾学生书局出版十巨册《湘乡曾氏文献》，第六册为《绵绵穆穆之室日记》，正是这份日记记载了曾氏修习“士大夫之学”的全部课程。
　　日记格式比较特别，合二页为一日，每页四栏，各有标题(即日课)，依次为读书、静坐、属文、作字、办公、课子、对客与回信。有事则记，无则从缺，这是日记的“体例”，略作统计，几乎无日不记者有读书、办公、课子、对客四事。其时国藩兼任礼、刑二部侍郎(略当今日之副部长)，政务繁忙，办公对客无暇晷，可想而知。二年间所读书有两个特点，一是多读经济之书，如治河、漕运、礼制、钱法之类，且极有针对性，如听闻广西发生暴乱，即开始读戚继光的《纪效新书》，琢磨治军用兵之法；一是根据儿子的教学进度，顺便给自己补课，如教儿子读《尚书》，对拿不准的地方他一定预先温习，决不“以其昏昏，使人昭昭”。然公退犹不废读书，不忘教子，似稍异于常人。至于静坐，并非如理学家所说，能穷万物之理，不过抽空打个盹而已——“未初(午后一点钟)，在坐曲肱枕睡”。属文、作字，则多属应酬，以赠序、对联为多。如此，就是曾氏“士大夫之学”的主修课。
　　不过，看这每一天每一门课，实在卑卑无奇，于是，有人要问了：靠这个真能修成“士大夫之学”？答曰：好像不行。再问：若生命不息，上课不止，历数十年如一日，是不是能修成此学，也做一回文正公？答曰：好像也不行。为什么？因为，在这份日记里，曾国藩已作解答，那就是：“莫问收获，但问耕耘”。

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