写在状纸边上·劫谁的军粮

2007年12月30日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:


二虎率人劫粮，庞青云惊叹：军队的粮都敢抢，胆子真大。按，剧情介绍得明白，青云来自清军，他说的“军队”无疑指清军。只是，抢完粮，午阳送给大嫂一根十字架项链，却说从死人身上搜得。十字架这个物件，定然只有太平军将士佩戴，当日的清军营中是不会有的。那么，疑问来了，到底抢了谁家的军粮？从被抢军队的装束上看，也不能令人释疑。且看：军官穿着清代铠甲，尽管这种铠甲多用于仪仗，在战场上并不常见；士兵则红巾蒙头，极似太平军。或许，电影故意使用如此含混的语言，是为了表达物尽其用、节约成本的拍摄理念？观者不得其解，只好搁下疑问，看看史书是如何写的。
咸丰、同治年间，与清廷为敌的大规模国内武装，东南有太平军，中原有捻军，西北、西南有回民。而在皖北，则有一些起家团练的武装力量，时而帮助清军，时而帮助义军，立场多变，难于定论，被学者称为“无原则的军阀”。其中，以苗沛霖为魁首。按，沛霖字雨三，安徽凤台人。他粗识文墨（秀才出身），好强喜事，做了十年教书先生，困穷潦倒，乃在咸丰年间趁着兴办团练保家卫民的风气，拉起一支队伍（史称“苗练”），以寿州为根据地，“抢钱抢粮抢娘们”（大陆版《投名状》末三字改为“抢地盘”），逐渐将势力扩大至整个淮河流域，成为一方豪强。沛霖尝写过一篇《卖宝器赏军论》，自述功绩，云：“起军八载，身经百战，赤手空空，能驱中原十数万强寇，并生擒巨犯首逆百馀名”。此文作于同治初年，文题“卖宝器赏军”，是说他“自毁蓝服（按谓投笔从戎）破产起兵以来，毫无所蓄”，凡攻破“贼巢”，取得财物，皆变卖换钱，充作军饷。只是，实际情形却与他所写的大相径庭。
首先，沛霖在起兵前，“不择手段”谋求个人发展，曾经投入捻军。因在军中不得志，才回乡团练，成为捻军的敌人。而在起兵後，他又有再次连捻抗清的举动；与太平军的关系，也是如此，他曾接受太平军的封赏（自谓太平军对他“封王赏女，百端奉承”），末了，却诱捕太平天囯英王陈玉成，献给钦差大臣胜保，以表忠心。因此，官文（湖广总督）、袁甲三（钦差大臣，负责临淮军务）与曾国藩等清军统帅都称他为“翻覆小人”，建议清廷不要对他“招安”，而应视作叛逆，速行征剿。而胜保、翁同书（安徽巡抚）则不以为然，坚持要将他争取过来，无奈沛霖不给他俩长脸，一次反复，害得翁同书丢了官职，再次反复，则害得胜保丢了性命。
其次，沛霖待势力壮大，即将两淮视为禁地，不仅征收两淮地区的税赋，而且，凡在他的地头，不论官兵贼兵，能攻则攻，能抢就抢，俨然以国中之国自居。其《论》说自己“毫无所蓄”，实在是过度谦虚，不免矫伪。
当然，时丁乱世，以中国之大，绝不止一个“团首”（团练领袖，亦称“练首”），如沛霖这般，官也打得，贼也打得。只因沛霖规模最巨，牵涉最广，才成为“无原则军阀”的代表人物。一开始，这些团首大多抱着保境安民的朴素愿望，冀与乡人“苟存性命于乱世”，再有奢望，亦不过梦想“壮士十年归，归来见天子”而已。然而，局势越来越乱，胜负久未分明，乱焉思逞，“彼可取而代”的豪情不由得涌上心头。于是，群雄逐鹿，暮楚朝秦，杀出一个天崩地坼、日月无光的黑暗世界。于是，电影中二虎所劫，或为官粮，或为“贼”粮，都讲得通。
只要二虎振臂高呼曰“杀”，那么，杀的是谁，抢的是谁，就不成问题。

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