写在状纸边上·劫谁的军粮

2007年12月30日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:


二虎率人劫粮,庞青云惊叹:军队的粮都敢抢,胆子真大。按,剧情介绍得明白,青云来自清军,他说的“军队”无疑指清军。只是,抢完粮,午阳送给大嫂一根十字架项链,却说从死人身上搜得。十字架这个物件,定然只有太平军将士佩戴,当日的清军营中是不会有的。那么,疑问来了,到底抢了谁家的军粮?从被抢军队的装束上看,也不能令人释疑。且看:军官穿着清代铠甲,尽管这种铠甲多用于仪仗,在战场上并不常见;士兵则红巾蒙头,极似太平军。或许,电影故意使用如此含混的语言,是为了表达物尽其用、节约成本的拍摄理念?观者不得其解,只好搁下疑问,看看史书是如何写的。
咸丰、同治年间,与清廷为敌的大规模国内武装,东南有太平军,中原有捻军,西北、西南有回民。而在皖北,则有一些起家团练的武装力量,时而帮助清军,时而帮助义军,立场多变,难于定论,被学者称为“无原则的军阀”。其中,以苗沛霖为魁首。按,沛霖字雨三,安徽凤台人。他粗识文墨(秀才出身),好强喜事,做了十年教书先生,困穷潦倒,乃在咸丰年间趁着兴办团练保家卫民的风气,拉起一支队伍(史称“苗练”),以寿州为根据地,“抢钱抢粮抢娘们”(大陆版《投名状》末三字改为“抢地盘”),逐渐将势力扩大至整个淮河流域,成为一方豪强。沛霖尝写过一篇《卖宝器赏军论》,自述功绩,云:“起军八载,身经百战,赤手空空,能驱中原十数万强寇,并生擒巨犯首逆百馀名”。此文作于同治初年,文题“卖宝器赏军”,是说他“自毁蓝服(按谓投笔从戎)破产起兵以来,毫无所蓄”,凡攻破“贼巢”,取得财物,皆变卖换钱,充作军饷。只是,实际情形却与他所写的大相径庭。
首先,沛霖在起兵前,“不择手段”谋求个人发展,曾经投入捻军。因在军中不得志,才回乡团练,成为捻军的敌人。而在起兵後,他又有再次连捻抗清的举动;与太平军的关系,也是如此,他曾接受太平军的封赏(自谓太平军对他“封王赏女,百端奉承”),末了,却诱捕太平天囯英王陈玉成,献给钦差大臣胜保,以表忠心。因此,官文(湖广总督)、袁甲三(钦差大臣,负责临淮军务)与曾国藩等清军统帅都称他为“翻覆小人”,建议清廷不要对他“招安”,而应视作叛逆,速行征剿。而胜保、翁同书(安徽巡抚)则不以为然,坚持要将他争取过来,无奈沛霖不给他俩长脸,一次反复,害得翁同书丢了官职,再次反复,则害得胜保丢了性命。
其次,沛霖待势力壮大,即将两淮视为禁地,不仅征收两淮地区的税赋,而且,凡在他的地头,不论官兵贼兵,能攻则攻,能抢就抢,俨然以国中之国自居。其《论》说自己“毫无所蓄”,实在是过度谦虚,不免矫伪。
当然,时丁乱世,以中国之大,绝不止一个“团首”(团练领袖,亦称“练首”),如沛霖这般,官也打得,贼也打得。只因沛霖规模最巨,牵涉最广,才成为“无原则军阀”的代表人物。一开始,这些团首大多抱着保境安民的朴素愿望,冀与乡人“苟存性命于乱世”,再有奢望,亦不过梦想“壮士十年归,归来见天子”而已。然而,局势越来越乱,胜负久未分明,乱焉思逞,“彼可取而代”的豪情不由得涌上心头。于是,群雄逐鹿,暮楚朝秦,杀出一个天崩地坼、日月无光的黑暗世界。于是,电影中二虎所劫,或为官粮,或为“贼”粮,都讲得通。
只要二虎振臂高呼曰“杀”,那么,杀的是谁,抢的是谁,就不成问题。

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