应 景

2008年1月19日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

七朝诗与史 一个伤心人
王闿运一生，经历七个朝代。清代道光十三年，他降生；咸丰七年，他中举；同治十年，撰《圆明园词》；光绪七年，成《湘军志》；宣统三年，特授翰林院侍讲；中华民国五年，逝世。然屈指一数，只有六种纪年，哪来的七个朝代？原来，咸、同之间，还有一个短命的祺祥纪年。
咸丰十一年七月，清文宗临殁，命八位大臣辅佐幼主（穆宗），直至成年，史称“顾命八大臣”，旋订明年纪元为“祺祥”。当时，皇太后有两位，一是正宫娘娘（孝贞），一是小皇帝的生母（孝钦）。她们联合文宗之弟恭亲王发动政变，于是年十月，处死八大臣中的载垣、端华与肃顺，夺取了政权。随即定下“垂帘听政”之制，并废除祺祥年号，改元同治。因此，祺祥这个年号，尚未启用，即告终结，实在短命得很。
短命的祺祥纪年，对闿运来说，意义重大。因为，八大臣中掌握实权的肃顺，与他的关系极不寻常。肃顺被当作“大奸”处死，已成惊弓之鸟的闿运犹未噤声，云：“人诋逆臣，我自府主”——肃顺是好人是坏人？我不关心，我只知道他是我的老板。史载，肃顺是一个极有才能的人，他对寄生的既得利益阶级与低效的官僚体系深致痛恨，一旦大权在握，乃锐意革新。他不恤人言，不顾退路，所行改革，其幅度之大（削减旗民福利）、手段之猛（因科场弊案，力主判处大学士柏葰死刑）与理路之新（重用汉人，一变清代二百年来重满抑汉的传统），令天下人啧啧称奇。而重用汉人之事，如青睐郭嵩焘、为左宗棠释谤、大力支持胡林翼与曾国藩建设湘军，皆与闿运建言有关。而闿运能以新进少年身份，从容游历湘军各大营，备受统帅尊崇，亦得益于他对肃顺的影响力。当他听到太后、亲王将不利于肃顺的消息，紧急致书曾国藩，劝他率兵入京，“申明祖制”（制止垂帘听政），维持“亲贤并用”（亲谓恭王，贤谓肃顺）的局面。无奈国藩“得书不报”，由此未能改变历史，闿运多年以後思及此事，仍不禁“太息痛恨”。直到民国初年，胜朝故事不必讳言，闿运乃撰《祺祥故事》，将二后一王篡权的真相公之于众，兼为含冤的“府主”恢复名誉。
祺祥政变，改变了闿运一生的走向。世传他有“帝王术”，非谓他有“帝王思想”，而是说他自诩具备“应帝王”的才能，能作“帝王师”。要实现这个理想，缺了肃顺不行。因为，肃顺倘能顺利“顾命”，自能大力影响穆宗；闿运对肃顺有影响，则亦能间接影响穆宗。肃顺是闿运成为“帝王师”的唯一途径。肃顺被杀，则此路不通，以此，闿运自撰挽联，云：“纵横计不就，空留馀咏满江山”。
“馀咏”二字，谓闿运没当成“帝王师”，终以文豪身份名世。他是近代诗坛“湖湘派”的巨擘（汪辟疆），也是近代文坛惟一“尽雅”的作家（章炳麟语），至于《湘军志》，更是希踪两汉、文质彬彬的大手笔。只是，对闿运来说，这不过是满腹“纵横”之才无处展布，退而求其次，以边脚“馀”料换来的浅斟低唱而已，何足道哉。

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