写在状纸边上·军阀陈公

2008年2月4日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

土匪被军爷欺负,青雲劝他们:“军机处的陈公正缺人手,他的绿营兵常被魁字营欺负,一直想壮大势力,如果我们投他,那正是雪中送炭”。接下来,三人寻得一座破屋,跪在三位高官面前,请求入伙。坐在左边面长有鬚的那位,青雲称之为“陈大人”,应即前语所谓“军机处的陈公”。
军机处是清代雍正朝以後最重要的中央办事机构(清末,职权渐渐转移到总理各国事务衙门),日常办公地点设于清宫保和殿西北的隆宗门内,办事员称军机大臣,他们的助手称军机章京。军机大臣人选由皇帝挑选,多为大学士、各部的尚书与侍郎,偶亦有亲王入值。为首的,称领班军机大臣,资格最浅的,俗称“挑帘军机”——军机大臣与皇帝议事,严禁旁人参与,太监也不行,于是,资格最浅的军机大臣须为同事们挑起门帘,以便出入。当皇帝因祭祀、巡视、度假乃至避难而离开京城,军机大臣与章京俱应随行,此时的军机处则处于“移动办公”状态。军机大臣全称为“军机大臣上行走”(“行走”,专指内廷差使),每日清晨皆须与皇帝会面,商量国事,至夜则轮班值日,堪称全天候不停的“行走”。一旦不能在皇帝身边“行走”(如调归原班,如出差外省),则不再是军机大臣。因此,在外省破屋中,陡然出现一位“军机处的陈公”,绝不合乎清代制度。若称为钦差大人,庶幾靠谱。
军机大臣的“八小时之外”,也有禁忌,尤其与其他官员的交际应酬,不可频繁,不可密切。因为军机大臣浑身都是机密,举手投足,片言只语,不小心就可能犯下泄密的大错。外省官员至京,一般会去军机大臣家中进行礼节性拜访,但军机大臣不会回拜,这是避嫌。与外官通信,军机大臣须小心措辞,非要说几句“体己话”,往往不署本名,而用化名,这也是避嫌。至于军机大臣在京外与一个小营官说上那么多话,且有两名土匪在旁,毫不避嫌,令人难以想象。
军机大臣虽参与军事决策,但是,他决不可能拥有自己的军队。名义上不会有,实际上也不可能有,清代的制度设计及行政程序,决定了这一点。非要塞给陈大人一支军队的话,先得假设他已退休(或罢职)乡居,再假设他利用老干部的人脉与资源,组织、训练了一支部队。然而,即算如此假设,也不能说他的部队是绿营,而只能是勇营。
清代开国,只有旗兵(先後建立满洲、蒙古、汉军各八旗),後来,将投降的汉族士兵编为“绿旗”,以示与八旗区别。“绿旗”编制以营为基本单位,因此,又称绿营。绿营与八旗,是清代的经制军队。绿营兵分驻各地,日常训练分由各省总督、提督与巡抚负责,兵额与饷章则归兵部管理。调兵作战,则非皇帝下令,任何人不许轻举妄动。军机大臣权势再大,地位再高,他也没法拥有一支绿营兵。
绿营在嘉庆朝以後,逐渐失去战斗力,再经太平天囯之役,遂致全面崩坏。于是,各省募集平民而练成的勇营成为主要的军事力量,湘军与淮军即是其中的楚翘。电影中的“魁字营”,亦应是勇营。然而,绿营既朽,勇营方兴,双方发生冲突,不说勇营一定处于下风,但占上风的回数不会太多。毕竟,在同一个体制内讨生活,临时工再能干,对正式工总有几分忌惮。在这一点上以今例古,决不离谱。
那么,陈大人还是可能拥有军队的。当然,名义上绝不可能。因为,即在清代,也有共识:军队是国家的;只是,“朕即国家”,意味除了皇帝,任何人不能代表国家拥有军队。实际上,则是可行的,也是被历史所证实的(淮军-北洋系-民国军阀正是中国近代军事史的显明脉络)。《投名状》英文片名是Warlord(军阀),窃谓比中文片名更切题。

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