写在状纸边上·骗子杀傻子

2008年2月24日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

苏州杀降，是太平天囯战争时期的一桩大事，也是《投名状》的重要情节。先是，顾思齐先生撰《杀降》一文，在本版发表，广征博证，准确介绍了史事的经过与馀波。珠玉在前，鄙人不揣固陋，用敢再赘数语，向读者介绍为何杀降。
苏州是忠王李秀成的根据地，守城的慕王谭绍光是秀成的腹心爱将。只是，在电影里，守将却变成了黄文金（史上实有其人，即太平天囯的堵王）。
这位黄将军的穿着酷似李秀成。据曾供职于秀成麾下的英国人呤唎（A.F.Lindley）描述，秀成的“朝服十分华丽，幾乎垂至脚面，绣花的黄色缎袍上面缀着浮起的金饰和金银红三色丝线盘成的龙纹，此外再加上他的黄缎绣花裤和华丽的黄缎靴，构成了他的全套服装，衬托出他的英俊威武的神采，真是庄严华美无比”（《太平天囯革命亲历记》）。以此对照剧中黄将军那“华丽丽”的戏服，可知服装设计师的灵感正来自呤唎的回忆录。
黄将军杀身成仁的行为，则似取材于翼王石达开的事迹。同治二年六月，石达开率六千人转战四川，陷入绝境，不得已，与清军谈判，谓自己甘愿受刑，只求赦免全军将士。四川总督骆秉章同意了他的条件。于是，所部四千人遣散回籍，二千人被收编，石达开则被凌迟处死，割了一百多刀。湘军统帅刘蓉亲睹石达开的就义，说他“枭桀坚强之气溢于颜面”，“临刑之际，神色怡然，实丑类之最悍者”。以此对照剧中黄将军的“惊艳”演出，可知，刀数有殊，风采无二。
然而，黄将军死的光荣，终未能救得同袍的性命，令人遗憾，更令人不解。他明明托付赵二虎，请遣散将士，让他们“回家务农”，二虎必已将此意转达庞青雲，青雲何必冒着与兄弟决裂且违背圣旨的风险（同治元年十二月九日上谕，明令禁止杀降），非要悍然杀降呢？据电影台词，青雲杀降有两个原因，一是粮不够吃，一是担心降卒复反。其实，史上的苏州杀降，根本不是这个原因。谨据《李文忠公奏稿》、戈登书信、李秀成《自述》、周馥《负暄闲语》及《清稗类钞》第二册“程忠烈用兵”条，说明杀降的真实原因。
照苏州守将谭绍光的想法，务要“城在人在”，然城中另有一个纳王郜永宽，则觉得大势已去，不若投降。其时，赞同郜永宽意见的人占多数，于是，他们暗中联络清军，愿意“献城”。他们开出的条件是：一，苏州划为南北两区，清军驻北区，降军驻南区；二，降军人员，遣散一部分，收编一部分，至少须收编二十营（约一万人）；三，清方须为降军将领提供若干提督、总兵等高级武职，任职省份由降军指定，而且，短时间内清方不应强求降军“薙髮”（即尊重黄将军那种长髮披肩的“审美趣味”）。按，于情于理，论礼论法，这三个条件皆不可能被清方接受。但是，清方谈判代表程学启与郜永宽等人会面，面无难色，一口应承。于是，同治二年十月廿四日，降军杀谭绍光，次日，降军提着谭将军的人头来到清军大营，并协助清军“弹压”不愿投降的谭将军部下，杀了一千多人。廿六日午，江苏巡抚李鸿章设宴款待郜永宽等人，饭吃到一半，程学启入禀，谓有要事请巡抚走一遭，鸿章甫离席，学启即翻脸，率兵将“降酋”一网打尽，旋又挥师入苏州，“大肆杀掠”。此即苏州杀降之真相。
鉴于久攻不克的军事困境，程学启以招降代替攻城；鉴于谈判条款无法执行的法理局限，李鸿章以杀降代替抚降。降人没有志气，当了傻子；杀降不讲义气，做了骗子。虽是狗咬狗之局，骗子总比傻子可恨，以此，梁启超要责备李鸿章，“于是而有惭德”也（《李鸿章传》）。

宋征殷 太平天囯战争 1951

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