失态的谈话

2008年12月19日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:


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自1895年3月20日，李鸿章作为大清国钦差头等全权大臣，与日本国内阁总理大臣伊藤博文、外务大臣陆奥宗光在日本马关春帆楼进行了五次谈判，至4月17日，双方签订条约，为甲午战争划下句号。条约主要内容为：清廷承认朝鲜为独立国家；清廷将辽东与台湾割与日本；清廷向日本赔偿二亿两军费。
毫无疑问，这是丧权辱国的条约。但是，自清末以来，有一种意见，将主持谈判的李鸿章视为丧权辱国的汉奸，并非公允的判断。他与伊藤、陆奥的谈话内容，俱载《马关议和中之伊李问答》，可以看出，他身处十分尴尬的地位，仍与对方反复辩难，不愿放弃任何“争得一分有一分之益”的机会，作为谈判者来说，决非渎职。而与他谈判的对手，亦能体谅他的苦衷，陆奥回忆当时情景，说：“他不像古稀以上的老翁（时年七十三岁），身躯魁伟，语言爽朗，我觉得曾国藩说他的仪表谈吐足以服人这句话，诚非虚言。不过此次使命却使他完全立于不利的地位”（《蹇蹇录》）；诚然，再如何德高望重，再如何谈吐不俗，面对城下之盟，除了屈服更无别的应手。
日方开列割地赔款的清单，表面上允许清方代表商议，实则不容商议。选项只有两个：同意，则签约停战；不同意，则续行侵略。而清方“最有效的讨价还价筹码不是它所剩下的陆海军力量，而是一个日本狂热分子对李鸿章的伤害而使日本人感到的内疚”（《剑桥中国晚清史》）。然而，这个“筹码”——3月24日，李鸿章被日本人小山丰太郎开枪击中左颧——的分量并不重，只是促成日方宣布停战二十一日而已，对于合约条款的修订则毫无效用。其时，李鸿章之子经方随父赴日，在其父受创后致电总理衙门，云：“中堂（谓鸿章）不幸，大清举国之大幸，此后和款必易商办”；今日看来，真是一句极具讽刺性的梦呓。
五次谈话，以最后一次的篇幅为最长，然而所谈皆是琐细。陆奥说，“（鸿章）从没有像今天这样不惜费尽唇舌进行辩论”，但是，他知道大局已定，日方提出的条件必须全盘接受，“所以在本日的会谈中只是在枝节问题上斤斤计较不已”，甚至“向伊藤全权哀求，以此少许之减额（二千万两）赠作归国的旅费。此种举动，从他的地位来说，不无失态”。
其实，早在甲午战争以前，李鸿章即已“失态”。当时，清廷有所谓“清流”言官，专与“浊流”领袖李鸿章作对；而把持户部的翁同龢则以私人恩怨，时刻为难李鸿章；李鸿章建设北洋海军，便处处掣肘。及至临战，“明知北洋一隅之力不敌日本一国之力，且一切皆未预备，何能出师”（《秋浦周尚书自订年谱》）？不战，是汉奸；战败求和，亦是汉奸。对此，李鸿章纵有天大本事，也只能“失态”。
当然，失态的人绝不仅一个李鸿章，失态的时代也绝不仅一个晚清。即如当时战胜的日本，日后战败，亦不免失态。作为读史者，不妨体谅昔人所以失态之故，而尽量杜绝未来失态之因。

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