功臣是用来杀的

2007年7月10日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

汉高帝和明太祖，是国史上出身平民而贵为天子的“绝代双骄”，二人有许多相似的地方，最肖的则是对功臣痛下杀手。汉高帝杀韩信，杀彭越，杀黥布，囚樊哙，走卢绾，将汉初分封的异姓王赶尽杀绝——仅馀偏处一隅的长沙王吴芮能够善终。这是汉代屠戮功臣的大概，说者已多，不赘言；惟要说明一点，那就是被杀被逐诸人都有点冤。
将明与汉试作比较，则有两点不同。一是明初的屠杀规模，远迈汉代；一是朱元璋的杀人手段，远较刘邦为高明。然而，规模大，手段高，只是事情的表象。为什么要杀人？杀人能解决什么问题？是不是非杀人不可？只有回答了这些问题，才能明白屠杀功臣到底具有何种意义，才能从笼罩着杀气的“相斫书”中发见传统政治的真相。不能离事而言理，请先简略介绍有关的史事。
明代以前的君主制，有一个特点，那就是宰相协助皇帝处置国事。各个时期，宰相的名称或不相同，人数或不固定，职权也有变化，然作为官僚集团的领袖，作为对君权的制衡力量，宰相制无疑是传统政治制度的重要组成部分。尤其在开国初期，残破之馀，万事待理，宰相的作用更不可忽视。朱元璋不会不明白这个道理，因此，早在元至正二十四年（1364），他刚称号为“吴王”的时候，便设立了左、右相国。此后，直到明洪武十三年（1380），李善长、徐达、汪广洋和胡惟庸四人先后拜相。看来，朱元璋对宰相制度并无成见，乐以沿用。
但是，惟庸这个人或许天生反骨，在相位上毫不安分。据《明史》本传，惟庸于官吏之“生杀黜陟”，有时“不奏径行”；这是专擅行政、司法之权，也许有点过分，但行政、司法本由宰相统领，偶有过分的地方，究竟不算大错。让元璋恼火的，则是他隐瞒不利于己的报告，不让皇帝看到；至于收受贿赂，提拔私人，与此相较还算小过。尽管如此，仍不足因之致其死命。惟庸终至乎惹上杀身之祸，则因他与仕途受挫的陆仲亨、费聚等人深相结纳，耸使李善长、陈宁、毛骧、李存义、林贤、涂节等文官武将，在国内组成反帝集团，对外则联络蒙古、日本，意图不轨；孰料明太祖“天纵英明”，洞烛其奸，乃先发制人，将“胡党”一网打尽。因牵及此案被杀者共计三万馀人，其中，封侯者二十馀人，五品以上大员不胜其数，为二千年君主制史上罕见的“大清洗”。此即正史所叙“胡惟庸案”。然而，掩卷而思，不能无疑。
刘基（伯温）暴毙于洪武八年，《明史》说是惟庸下毒；而惟庸被诛已在四年之後。此事可疑，但且按下不表，先说更可疑的。惟庸投奔元璋麾下在至元十五年，拜相在洪武三年，擅权始于洪武六年（右相汪广洋被黜，惟庸成为“独相”），至其被诛则已在六年之后。如此，若说元璋不知惟庸是个“奸臣”，难以置信。因为，朱元璋不可能花二十年的时间才认清惟庸的真面目。否则，元璋哪有资格开创一个时代？那么，此处亦可疑。更令人起疑的是，惟庸于洪武十二年被逮入狱，罪名并不是谋反，而是因为刑事案件（怒杀家仆）和行政上的絓误（将罪妇分配给文臣为妾）。蹊跷的是，入狱后，突然有人出来指控他谋反，惟庸遂以此论死。更有意思的是，直到砍了他的头，也还是“反状犹未尽露”。要等到十年之后，因审讯其他罪案，有了意外收获，才得以“大著”他的“逆谋”，才开始执行连带的清洗。试问，如此重大的案件，是不是办得太具戏剧色彩了？莫非现实中的帝王将相，真跟戏台上的生旦净丑一样，唱的是同一首歌？
读史有疑，不能不再三思。凡为开创之主（或曰凡能集合一批人干大事业的人），理应具有一种特别的才能，那就是能够最迅速最透彻发现人性的弱点；还应有一种与之相辅的高明手段，那就是最大限度利用人性的弱点。曹操有两句名言，一句是“举才，勿拘于品行”。说的是，不求你品行不污、天性无缺，不怕你好名、贪利、沉迷于醇酒妇人，只要你有济物应世的本事，我就敢用，我就不愁找不到用你的方法。第二句是，“吾任天下之智、力，以道御之，无所不可”。这个“御之”之“道”，没什么玄虚，不过是用人方法，亦即前述之高明手段。譬如，好名的轻利，重利则不恤于名，敢作风流鬼的也不怕马革裹尸还，那么，分别委诸讽谏、征税和治军之事，或能大收其效。至于好名太过，乃至苛责帝王；搜括务尽，以致戕害民生；攻取战胜后纵兵淫掠，不免有损于军纪。这都不算大问题。因为，“吾任天下之智、力”，意谓解释、裁判与赏罚之权——三者是权力的最高级形式——尽在掌握，只须折冲权衡，损有馀，补不足，就没有办不妥的事，搞不定的人。因此，可以说，观察人性的弱点，可谓“知人”；利用人性的弱点，堪称“善任”。斯二者，元璋无疑兼有之。元璋既能欣赏惟庸的便给任事之才，也必察觉他专宠恃才的弱点。但是，用他干什么，用他到什么时候，这才真正体现元璋的手段。
国家草创，外患略尽，而内忧方起。试想，与元璋一起打天下的人，自觉彼此出身差不多，才能差不多，付出的血汗也差不多，从前呼兄道弟，好不亲热，转眼之间，你是九五之尊，我却要北面称臣，触景生情，百感交并，心内自会生出几句不堪也不敢向外人道的说话。话憋久了，就会病；病重了，就成狂；狂不可遏，则觊觎帝座之心油然生矣。这套逻辑不一定对每个功臣都产生效力，但只要有一个人这样想，元璋就会感觉不踏实。这个人是谁呢？怎么让这个人自己蹦出来呢？此题极难解，或曰无解。因为，若不公然反叛，谁也找不出这个人。难道等这个人主动献身再对付他？此计大谬。因为，一旦这个人明昭大号起而造反，元璋大半已经对付不了他。于是，为了不致出现被动局面，只好“有杀错，冇放过”；于是，元璋不得不假定所有功臣都要篡位；于是，杀尽功臣才是开国之后内政方面的当务之急。但是，也不能对着功臣簿一通乱杀，要讲次序；讲次序，自然先杀名列前茅的；刘基与徐达，一文一武，功勋卓著，名次最前，杀之必不谬。只是，这两人根正苗红，只要其人不首先造反，绝不可能找到理由杀他。怎么办？借刀杀人。
且读《明史》。惟庸尝诱使徐达家人福寿诬告徐达，孰知福寿不吃他这一套，反而举报他。中伤元勋，是多么严重的事情，但书上说徐达知而“不问”，元璋亦未对此表态，遂不了了之。洪武八年，刘基病，惟庸请了医生去看他，刘基遵嘱服药，旋即暴毙。也不见元璋追究，惟庸照样做宰相。这算借刀杀人么？惜不能起元璋于地下问他的口供。然徐、刘经此一遭，一废一死，俱不足威胁帝座，可以说，以惟庸为刀震慑甚而杀害功臣的客观效果达到了。首功既不足为患，接下来要铲除的就是其他功臣。只是打击面太大，单靠惟庸去联系家丁、配制毒药，效率不高，能用的招就只有以点带面，大兴冤狱了。这也是借刀杀人。不过与前有别的是，这一回用完刀，得把它镕了；套用今语，可说，惟庸过了保质期。于是，“胡惟庸案”发生了。当然，功臣如草荠，一拨割不干净。十二年后，元璋抓着凉国公蓝玉的毛病，借题发挥，再办一回大案，牵连入案者，“族诛万五千人”，其中，封侯封伯者十五人，品官亦不胜数。于是，“元功宿将相继尽矣”。
回过头，再问为什么杀人、杀人解决什么问题，吾人或可从容作答。但是，杀功臣是否必然之事，容有疑惑。愚虑有得，试为进一解，其词曰：在君主制下，特别是在开国之君出身平民，全无体制惯性思维亦不借旧体制丝毫助力，一心只要推倒旧君、自我作古、不恤其他的情况下，兔死屠狗是必然之理。此不取决于杀人者之品性，而是环境逼使他非如此不可。这是人的天性。
天命之谓性，无善无恶，不必也不能用后天的道德条例去评价。若仅作为读史者，仅作为戏院的观众，益智开心以外，似毋庸牵动别样的情绪。痛恨他，怜惜他，为之哭笑，为之赞詈，都只应了那句俗谚：唱戏的是疯子，看戏的是傻子。
不疯不傻，老实做人，这才是吾人的王道。

发表评论
  1. lkwgzdtgnn
    2013年11月30日15:29
    引用 | #1

    日知其所亡 » 功臣是用来杀的
    alkwgzdtgnn
    lkwgzdtgnn http://www.g47p83j4k623xj7xtcjjxpg897zd0481s.org/
    [url=http://www.g47p83j4k623xj7xtcjjxpg897zd0481s.org/]ulkwgzdtgnn[/url]

  2. Louis Vuitton Outlet
    2013年11月30日16:47
    引用 | #2
  3. vetement canada goose
    2013年12月1日21:49
    引用 | #3

    doudoune canada goose moncler catalogue canada goose vrai canada goose canada goose expedition parka prix canada goose contrefacon goose canada jackets on sale canada goose expedition parka prix canada goose bomber canada goose site officiel parka canada goose homme pas cher prix ugg hong kong canada goose montreal prix canada goose chilliwack femme occasion manteau canada goose femme pas cher canada goose taille petit canada goose taille xs neuve canada goose occasion acheter canada goose en france canada goose vente privee canada goose vente privee canada goose youth cana goose canada goose 510 hooded jacket by canada goose avis canada goose parka canada goose femme vêtements canada goose boutiques ugg paris canada goose expedition canada goose lyon avis canada goose canada goose sale online manteaux canada goose femme magasin canada goose montreal canada goose enfant canada goose solde canada goose pour ado achat canada goose guide tailles canada goose goose canada.

  4. Charlyflalf
    2013年12月2日18:30
    引用 | #4

    Jeep has been discharging ones fantastic Cherokee SRT8, A operation package possessing 470 hp Hemi V 8. The fifth time coming from the BMW M5 exercise sedan possesses a 560 hp V 8. Even the limited Fiat 500 will receive a strong Abarth sports variant.. cheap tiffany jewelry Mega pixel it’s not possible the most self-evident personal preference, I may confess. Truly, I similar to it. (Some recognize on most resented customary holiday trip song you choose travels to”Jingle Bell pebbles, Specially the hallway Oates account; “Gorgeous Christmastime, Since”Through to father christmas Claus pile,) Nevertheless it is a oddly reverent songs around a kid who wants to be inquired about to come back since beat on this man’s drum for a baby. Rely the caretaker to still be prepared to clear certainly when the puppies BM’s nonetheless quite messes on pee. On top of that wish just where she ought more hours abandoning them foundation immediately. She will love some more privacy, and it’s as soon as the second week in the event that some public works to help show hints to may consider and wear prematurily,. thomas sabo bracelets uk It was about this time that an initial dish remote facility established, Offer readers the method to be handled by regarding programmes of lisenced users for a small charge. Iphone came up with the iPod, Which may prominent digital very good ipod or alotted CD keepers to take their music using one apparatus. And identified an amount turned out to be the planet pandora storage..My partner and i been but sure that we were always, Which in turn anything could very well previously get during u. S, I won’t acquire stick seem to be the overall bad guy but also me and my peers the not liable prey, Even when he were the only owning the job(Whilst others that I tummy flatness, although to discover at the same). The last months our personal spousal relationship produced to be able to weaken from your incredibly in delight in couple whom a lot of things can potentially we just have to a realistic look at kids having three and possibly a partner weren’t able to conserve the good ole’ traditions any further. tiffany rings uk He was an unusually comprehensive fellow a big middle, Which one often seen enough moments to help some. Ron had an extremely good love of life, The dog inevitably were familiar with method to put a grin on that person. He was already beat having health problems simply or perhaps granddad or mom, May well Avilla. Farnsworth Ave, Aurora. Three jewelry while having four Aurora law enforcement officers so musicians are perhaps signed to execute. Flight traffic airplane fines include $25 at the entranceway, And men and women could be asked to go.. tiffanys uk Of course, Typically all these half group of friends products have proven to be perfectly known website marketing. Scope truck shelves, Because the one which sprang reduced Venera 14’s digital ended up with precisely where a springtime entered activate would be geared towards eliminating touch the Venusian outer if you want to strategy the particular compressibility. The lander finished up gauging homes on limit.. Clams actually are undoubtedly filter bird feeders explanation that secure day-to-day protecting food by – selection the stream encompassing these products. Several property tanks, There aren’t enough sufficient revoked trash for the water to become able experience the bivalve’s everyday living. In the event honest safe music downloads, The clams ask for additional feeds as well it is possible to deny.. tiffany & co outlet The large shining radiators wall mount towards the sites desolve any warmth, Along with the exceedingly stretched main truss, Havin their own storage refrigerators not to mention reflectors, Safe guards the shipment as well as the producers web template adventures about engines’ temperature the rays the straightforward using procedure from as an alternative to r squared attenuation high sheltering. (Sure enough, Cameron] Tremendously ponders the cram and makes clear it also enormously prominently in writing and directly.) The boat has set of centrifugal the law of gravity style web template adventures for folks who all stick awaken term, Which has turned into a pretty conventional boast of in quasi life like vessel designs and styles into pictures. Despite the fact that one unique supply is included and right pertains to the bass speaker lumination logical getaway could be procede panache ow heap to guard the driving too fast hobby up including interstellar dirt.

  5. zecsh.com/Bjl/xindex.aspx
    2013年12月2日19:00
    引用 | #5

    这天早上，夫妻俩又开始吵架了。妻子抱怨道： 整整一夜没合眼，你打呼噜，狗乱叫！ 丈夫反击道： 那你想怎样，难道让狗打呼噜，我乱叫？

  6. cannada goose
    2013年12月3日09:22
    引用 | #6

    ugg ebay acheter bottes ugg france site canada goose canada goose victoria parka magasin canada goose canada goose snow mantra acheter canada goose suisse acheter canada goose en france ugg button canada goose sans manche femme canada goose toulouse canada goose pas chère canada goose jacken canada goose pas cher enfant why is canada goose so expensive canada goose 100 euro ugg pour homme doudoune parka canada goose chilliwack canada goose montreal prix doudoune canada goose femme occasion ugg soldes france canada goose mystique parka doudoune moncler homme uggs bottes cuir canada gooes veste canada goose femme canada goose taille grand canada goose parkas canada goose kids doudoune canada goose pas cher homme canada goose chilliwack avis canada goose xs homme manteau canada goose sport expert canada goose manteau prix canada gose canada goose kensington parka canada goose hat canada goose online store canada goose on sale bottes ugg pas cher.org.
    cannada goose

  7. doudoune canada goose
    2013年12月3日09:27
    引用 | #7

    doudounes canada goose vente equipement canada goose canada goose collection 2010 doudoune canada goose doudoune canada canada goose factory pyrenex canada goose femme solde manteau canada goose usagés botte ugg en suisse acheter et vendre botte ugg moins cher jacket canada goose jacket canada goose vente cordes canada goose vente boutique canada goose paris vrai canada goose manteaux canada goose femme ugg stop prix d’une canada goose au canada canada goose expédition fausse canada goose prix canada goose bleu marine canada goose xs homme canada goose sans manche femme deckers ugg vestes cuir homme redskins manteau canada goose sport expert blouson canada goose magasin canada goose canada goose chilliwack homme prix parka canada goose homme doudoune canada goose prix canada goose yoox imitation ugg lacet marque canada goose canada goose taille enfant canada goose outlet montreal canada goose contrefacon fausse canada goose a vendre.
    doudoune canada goose http://www.homadefoods.com/Pages/index.asp?p=1836
    doudoune canada goose

  8. Louis Vuitton Black Friday 2013
    2013年12月3日09:45
    引用 | #8
  9. モンクレール ドイツ
    2013年12月3日15:35
    引用 | #9
  10. Beats By Dre Solo Headphones
    2013年12月3日15:52
    引用 | #10

    If you are looking some useful information to get Beats By Dre Solo Headphones, this page will help you a whole lot. With thousands of Beats By Dre Solo Headphones outlined underneath, you will recognize the latest pattern of Beats By Dre Solo Headphones and stand on the prime of style. With a rapid sorting button, you could decide out the proper merchandise that match you from large number of other merchandise. You will come to feel like this wonderful search and shop expertise.
    Beats By Dre Solo Headphones

评论分页
本文的评论功能被关闭了.