野史正——不谈主义 只讲故事
正史与野史的区别究竟在哪里?
或曰,区别在于,正史多为官修,野史出于私撰。但是,司马迁的“一家之言”——《史记》乃是毋庸置疑的正史,而且,唐代以前的正史编撰亦皆“由个人或史家家族着手进行的私人或半私人的计划”,从唐代开始,官修史书才成为主流(杨联陞《国史探微•官修史学的结构》)。那么,修正一下,可不可以说,自唐代以来,只有官修史书才有资格称为正史?答曰,不行。因为反证很多,举个显明的例子,那就是明清易代之际的史事,我们若只看《明史》与《清史稿》,是不得要领的。因为,我们看见的全是“我朝得天下之正,千古之所未有”(清圣祖语)的从容景象,邪性的暴力的残酷的东西几乎全消失了——不仅对清代有掩饰,对明代帝王也有“为尊者讳”之处;清帝嘱咐史馆诸人,要他们“力求平允”,不许批评明帝(刘承幹辑《明史例案》卷一)。不得已,我们还要找出很多私家著述,参以故宫“秘档”(包括比对删改前后的不同《清实录》版本),乃至征引朝鲜国史,才能拼出一幅大致清楚的历史画卷。以此之故,孟森撰《明元清系通纪》及《满洲开国史讲义》,就比《明史》和《清史稿》的有关记载更像正史。三百年前如此,三百年后也有类似的例子,譬如,西安事变与抗美援朝两件大事,读者若非以杨奎松(《西安事变新探——张学良与中共关系之研究》)及沈志华(《毛泽东、斯大林与朝鲜战争》)二人的研究成果为指标性读物,那么,所得或竟真是“稗官小说”之类的“野史”,而不足与语“正史”。然则,以官修与私撰来区别正史与野史,这条路子行不通。
那么,正史与野史的区别究竟在哪里?鄙人答曰:晓不得。
也许,什么是正史,什么是野史,根本是个伪命题。产生于后现代主义运动的各式历史哲学——其著者如新历史主义、结构主义、解构主义、后殖民主义等,早已挑战乃至试图取消历史的客观真实性,只承认历史书写不过像小说一样只是一种“虚构”,历史学家的职责是也只能是完成一个从文本到文本(from text to text)的阐释循环;文本以外,一无所有(There is nothing outside the TEXT)。管他什么有血有肉的人,有破有立的事,有兴起有绝续的思想,全不过是此一时彼一时的“虚构”,真实云云,意义云云,茫不可辨亦不须辨矣。这么一来,不要说正史与野史没什么区别,史书与侃大山也没了区别;省事倒是省事,只是对于绝大多数并不能从纯粹的理论思辩中获得快感的人(譬如在下)来说,未免有点怅然若失。
不过,话又说回来,后现代主义史观——如果有的话——集矢反对的还是所谓“宏大叙事”,譬如,历史发展的客观规律,民族国家的建立神话,现代化进程的天然合法性,等等;若真能将这些“大词”剔除,只去寻求具体而微的史实,最大限度逼近人与事的“历史真相”,回归到“微而显”、“志而晦”、“婉而成章”、“尽而不污”(《左传正义》杜预序)的中国史学传统,未尝不是一件好事。少谈些主义,多讲点故事,不亦乐乎?
正是在这个前提下,才有了这个专栏。需要申明的是,此所谓故事,是指过去的事,并非“故事会”的“故事”;而且,只拣那些说不太清楚的故事,往复辩难,传信传疑,虽不能说将疑案皆办成定案,但务必杜绝强行翻案。言行能否一致,尚祈读者诸君监督赐正,敝人不敢自必也。
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