张荫麟的幸与不幸

2005年8月22日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:


或曰,二十世纪中国新史学的开山大匠,是两个广东人,一为新会梁启超,一为东莞张荫麟(许冠三《新史学九十年》卷一)。或曰,上世纪二十年代清华文科才子以钱锺书、张荫麟为翘楚,曾有“北秀南能”的品题(钱锺书《槐聚诗存•伤张荫麟》自注)。然而,数十年后,梁、钱之名播在人口,知与不知,皆要唤他一声“国学大师”,荫麟之姓字却浸久无闻,生平行事固少人知,学问才情亦无人表彰。
荫麟生于清光绪三十一年(1905),卒于民国三十一年(1942),享年仅三十七岁。然则其名不彰,以其命短?似不然。短命而享大名者,前有李贺(二十七岁卒),“诗鬼”之光炳耀千年,同时有徐志摩(三十四岁卒),“情圣”形象迄今深入人心。难道,诗人天生具有名誉优势,史家入行便已注定身后萧条?是又不然。陈寅恪是史家,尝赋“共谈学术惊河汉”之句,对荫麟揄扬甚至。陈氏著作之专门难读远甚于荫麟,且生平不作通俗文字,而今日学界内外人士谈及陈氏无不眉飞色舞,闻荫麟之名,则多茫然。又如钱穆,亦是史家,尝谓“中国新史学之大业”,当由荫麟完成;然钱氏之名历久弥彰,荫麟湮没如故。或又有说,谓荫麟不善交际,生前身后无人为之“炒作”?然按诸事实,我们却发现荫麟知交遍及文、史、哲三界,除了前述诸人,犹有吴宓、王芸生、吴晗、贺麟、冯友兰、熊十力等人,或师或友,生前互相切磋,死后皆作诗文悼念,登诸报刊,历历可考。那么,到底是什么原因,导致显晦判然有如是者?窃谓原因有二:一、荫麟一生著述,以论文为主,除了一部《中国史纲》(为高中生而作之教材,且叙事仅至东汉),别无专著,以此,虽生前师友对他赞许有加,后世学者却不便对其人其学进行深入研讨,更谈不上发扬光大。一、因教龄太短(合计不过六年),转校频繁(十年内先后在三校四地任教),故荫麟之门人弟子数量既不多,所受熏陶提携亦嫌不够,以此,虽日后不无成就,然对荫麟铭恩致谢之程度、力度,必较其他授业师为薄。后者似更重要。鄙人所见张氏弟子追忆师门之作,不过李埏、徐规、管佩韦、张效乾四人而已,衡诸他氏弟子以其师从教(或诞辰)若干周年为名,大开研讨会,大编论文专刊乃至出版“全集”、“画传”的盛大规模,自是黯然失色。以是,荫麟之默默无闻不亦宜乎?
但是,荫麟终教人难忘。今年初夏,一本后人编选的荫麟文集——《素痴集》(素痴为荫麟自号,编者误以为笔名),便作为对他诞辰百年的纪念,应时面世。荫麟以史学名家,《素痴集》所选文章却以书(文)评及政论为主。编者之意,盖以其重要论文业已辑入《张荫麟文集》(教育科学出版社,1993年;另有台湾九思版,1977年),其惟一专著《中国史纲》亦经辽教、上古、商务三社先后再版,故扬长避短,大力搜罗荫麟发表在《大公报》上的文章,并截取前列二书中“明白晓畅之片段”,合编成集。对于不是专业历史的读者来说,此书不失为初步了解荫麟的好途径。

荫麟写了一系列对话体文章,讨论国民党治下的中国是否需要“革命”、“革命”之时机与形式等问题。对于被统治者,他说:“革命诚然少不了暴动,正如瓜熟之免不了蒂落。蒂落固是突然的,骤然的,但瓜熟却不是突然的,骤然的。同样,暴动固是突然的,骤然的,但革命的成功却不是突然的,骤然的。在瓜的生长里只看见蒂落的人不配种瓜,在革命里只看见暴动的人不配谈革命”。对于统治者,则云:“当你领导人们走过在你看见是进步的路时,你们也许已走入了退步的路;当你领导着人们走在你看见是兴邦的路时,你们也许已走入了亡国的路”(第77-8页)。理性的史家,立言固应如此,然自当事双方看来,则左派朋友必目之为“落伍”,右派政客必斥之为“赤化”。或鉴及此,荫麟总结梁启超“在政论上的悲剧”,乃谓:“他对于流血的恐怖和瓜分的危惧,使他不得不反革命。他的一点悯世心,使他无法容忍现实政治的黑暗。他万分好意地劝革命党偃旗息鼓,结果言者谆谆,听者藐藐。他万分好意地劝政府彻底改革,结果言者谆谆,听者藐藐。……他说的话,不独对于原来的目的全不济事,而且使他受着左右夹攻”(第46页);因人喻己,以今况昔,不啻夫子自道。
荫麟毕业于“留美预科”之清华,在美国学哲学,归国即为名校教授,正所谓“清华学派”中人;派中大佬对鲁迅这种“匪徒”、“文丐”似无好感,荫麟却要作一篇《〈南腔北调集〉颂》,称赞鲁迅是“当今国内最富于人性的文人”(第80页)。荫麟论政,服膺“费边式的社会主义”(其友哲学家贺麟语),偏于改良、渐进;丁玲其时以左倾激进闻名,民国四十四年,误传被捕杀,荫麟当即作文痛悼,竟流露赞成暴力革命之意:“世有欲借口舌笔墨之力以感格凶顽、转移运会者乎?其亦可以休矣!其亦可以醒矣!”(第89页)
前后对照,他对政治的态度似自相矛盾。然前者论事,后者论人,论事的理性与对人的温情,正相辉映。

然而,荫麟对人,并不总抱有温情。书中《所谓“中国女作家”》一文,对以冰心为代表的“立于女子之传统的地位而著作”的“女士”们极尽嘲讽之能事,说她们不过是前代袁枚“女弟子”之流亚,“言作家而特标女子,而必冠以作者之照相”,“作品署名之下必缀以‘女士’二字”,而所书写者,莫非“毫无艺术意味之Sentimental rubbish”(按,直译为‘感性垃圾’,参考王蒙译法,则不妨译作‘酸馒头渣’),以中学生作文标准衡量,“至多不过值七十分左右”(第84-5页)。他人作何观感且不论,鄙见与之同调,抚卷不禁莞尔。
较此挖苦文章更精彩的,则是学术评论的攻错之作。他指出郑振铎文学史研究中“使人喷饭之处”,讥其缺乏“常识”(第95页)。他批评郭绍虞食“洋”不化,牵强附会(第97页)。胡适撰《白话文学史》(上册),时称名著,荫麟却能举证确凿,指出定义混乱、去取多由主观的毛病(第99-107页)。郭沫若译歌德长诗《浮士德》,急于脱稿,匆促从事,遂致“谬误荒唐、令人发噱之处,几于无页无之”,荫麟择要纠正,有力打击了“伪劣”出版物。
但是,荫麟并非今日惯见的“酷评”家,他固不喜欢一味的唱赞歌,亦不轻易因作者的疏漏而抹杀全书的功劳。他虽批评《白话文学史》诸种不善,却仍敏感的看出此书具有方法、取材及考证的优点;他虽对郭沫若的德文水平深致不满,却盛赞《中国古代社会研究》能够“拿人类学上的结论作工具去爬梳古史的材料”,“建设中国古代社会演化的历程”,实在是一项“重大贡献”。此外,对顾颉刚“疑古”学说“误用默证”的方法论错误、冯友兰《中国哲学史》中的史实错误,他都提出过严厉而中肯的批评。顾氏无以自解,终未回应;冯氏覆书致谢,有则改之。
荫麟尝表明自己对专业书评的态度:“一个批评者对一部书有所纠绳,这并不就表示他对于这书的鄙薄”(第223页)。这固然是个人的信条,但也需要时代风气的培陶,以及被批评者的雅量(或曰服善之勇)。荫麟十七岁时指出梁启超的考证错误,启超引为忘年交,称之为“天才”;冯友兰在他死后,曾集资、主持设立“张荫麟奖学金”;顾颉刚于荫麟死后撰《当代中国史学》,赞扬其在通史、宋史领域大有建树。若非他生活的那个时代确具几分开明的特性,若非那些学人确具服善之勇,这些故事只怕都不会发生。
吴晗有感于亡友身后寂寞,曾说,即算荫麟不死,“再多受些磨折、考验、洗炼,恐怕他还是得死,不过死法不同,不是死于穷病而已”。很不幸,一语成谶,二十年后,吴晗未“死于穷病”,而死于“文革”。然则,荫麟之早夭固为不幸,较诸吴晗之暴毙,抑又为幸耶?
谨此纪念素痴先生诞辰一百周年。

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