张荫麟的幸与不幸

2005年8月22日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

一
或曰，二十世纪中国新史学的开山大匠，是两个广东人，一为新会梁启超，一为东莞张荫麟（许冠三《新史学九十年》卷一）。或曰，上世纪二十年代清华文科才子以钱锺书、张荫麟为翘楚，曾有“北秀南能”的品题（钱锺书《槐聚诗存•伤张荫麟》自注）。然而，数十年后，梁、钱之名播在人口，知与不知，皆要唤他一声“国学大师”，荫麟之姓字却浸久无闻，生平行事固少人知，学问才情亦无人表彰。
荫麟生于清光绪三十一年（1905），卒于民国三十一年（1942），享年仅三十七岁。然则其名不彰，以其命短？似不然。短命而享大名者，前有李贺（二十七岁卒），“诗鬼”之光炳耀千年，同时有徐志摩（三十四岁卒），“情圣”形象迄今深入人心。难道，诗人天生具有名誉优势，史家入行便已注定身后萧条？是又不然。陈寅恪是史家，尝赋“共谈学术惊河汉”之句，对荫麟揄扬甚至。陈氏著作之专门难读远甚于荫麟，且生平不作通俗文字，而今日学界内外人士谈及陈氏无不眉飞色舞，闻荫麟之名，则多茫然。又如钱穆，亦是史家，尝谓“中国新史学之大业”，当由荫麟完成；然钱氏之名历久弥彰，荫麟湮没如故。或又有说，谓荫麟不善交际，生前身后无人为之“炒作”？然按诸事实，我们却发现荫麟知交遍及文、史、哲三界，除了前述诸人，犹有吴宓、王芸生、吴晗、贺麟、冯友兰、熊十力等人，或师或友，生前互相切磋，死后皆作诗文悼念，登诸报刊，历历可考。那么，到底是什么原因，导致显晦判然有如是者？窃谓原因有二：一、荫麟一生著述，以论文为主，除了一部《中国史纲》（为高中生而作之教材，且叙事仅至东汉），别无专著，以此，虽生前师友对他赞许有加，后世学者却不便对其人其学进行深入研讨，更谈不上发扬光大。一、因教龄太短（合计不过六年），转校频繁（十年内先后在三校四地任教），故荫麟之门人弟子数量既不多，所受熏陶提携亦嫌不够，以此，虽日后不无成就，然对荫麟铭恩致谢之程度、力度，必较其他授业师为薄。后者似更重要。鄙人所见张氏弟子追忆师门之作，不过李埏、徐规、管佩韦、张效乾四人而已，衡诸他氏弟子以其师从教（或诞辰）若干周年为名，大开研讨会，大编论文专刊乃至出版“全集”、“画传”的盛大规模，自是黯然失色。以是，荫麟之默默无闻不亦宜乎？
但是，荫麟终教人难忘。今年初夏，一本后人编选的荫麟文集——《素痴集》（素痴为荫麟自号，编者误以为笔名），便作为对他诞辰百年的纪念，应时面世。荫麟以史学名家，《素痴集》所选文章却以书（文）评及政论为主。编者之意，盖以其重要论文业已辑入《张荫麟文集》（教育科学出版社，1993年；另有台湾九思版，1977年），其惟一专著《中国史纲》亦经辽教、上古、商务三社先后再版，故扬长避短，大力搜罗荫麟发表在《大公报》上的文章，并截取前列二书中“明白晓畅之片段”，合编成集。对于不是专业历史的读者来说，此书不失为初步了解荫麟的好途径。
二
荫麟写了一系列对话体文章，讨论国民党治下的中国是否需要“革命”、“革命”之时机与形式等问题。对于被统治者，他说：“革命诚然少不了暴动，正如瓜熟之免不了蒂落。蒂落固是突然的，骤然的，但瓜熟却不是突然的，骤然的。同样，暴动固是突然的，骤然的，但革命的成功却不是突然的，骤然的。在瓜的生长里只看见蒂落的人不配种瓜，在革命里只看见暴动的人不配谈革命”。对于统治者，则云：“当你领导人们走过在你看见是进步的路时，你们也许已走入了退步的路；当你领导着人们走在你看见是兴邦的路时，你们也许已走入了亡国的路”（第77-8页）。理性的史家，立言固应如此，然自当事双方看来，则左派朋友必目之为“落伍”，右派政客必斥之为“赤化”。或鉴及此，荫麟总结梁启超“在政论上的悲剧”，乃谓：“他对于流血的恐怖和瓜分的危惧，使他不得不反革命。他的一点悯世心，使他无法容忍现实政治的黑暗。他万分好意地劝革命党偃旗息鼓，结果言者谆谆，听者藐藐。他万分好意地劝政府彻底改革，结果言者谆谆，听者藐藐。……他说的话，不独对于原来的目的全不济事，而且使他受着左右夹攻”（第46页）；因人喻己，以今况昔，不啻夫子自道。
荫麟毕业于“留美预科”之清华，在美国学哲学，归国即为名校教授，正所谓“清华学派”中人；派中大佬对鲁迅这种“匪徒”、“文丐”似无好感，荫麟却要作一篇《〈南腔北调集〉颂》，称赞鲁迅是“当今国内最富于人性的文人”（第80页）。荫麟论政，服膺“费边式的社会主义”（其友哲学家贺麟语），偏于改良、渐进；丁玲其时以左倾激进闻名，民国四十四年，误传被捕杀，荫麟当即作文痛悼，竟流露赞成暴力革命之意：“世有欲借口舌笔墨之力以感格凶顽、转移运会者乎？其亦可以休矣！其亦可以醒矣！”（第89页）
前后对照，他对政治的态度似自相矛盾。然前者论事，后者论人，论事的理性与对人的温情，正相辉映。
三
然而，荫麟对人，并不总抱有温情。书中《所谓“中国女作家”》一文，对以冰心为代表的“立于女子之传统的地位而著作”的“女士”们极尽嘲讽之能事，说她们不过是前代袁枚“女弟子”之流亚，“言作家而特标女子，而必冠以作者之照相”，“作品署名之下必缀以‘女士’二字”，而所书写者，莫非“毫无艺术意味之Sentimental rubbish”（按，直译为‘感性垃圾’，参考王蒙译法，则不妨译作‘酸馒头渣’），以中学生作文标准衡量，“至多不过值七十分左右”（第84-5页）。他人作何观感且不论，鄙见与之同调，抚卷不禁莞尔。
较此挖苦文章更精彩的，则是学术评论的攻错之作。他指出郑振铎文学史研究中“使人喷饭之处”，讥其缺乏“常识”（第95页）。他批评郭绍虞食“洋”不化，牵强附会（第97页）。胡适撰《白话文学史》（上册），时称名著，荫麟却能举证确凿，指出定义混乱、去取多由主观的毛病（第99-107页）。郭沫若译歌德长诗《浮士德》，急于脱稿，匆促从事，遂致“谬误荒唐、令人发噱之处，几于无页无之”，荫麟择要纠正，有力打击了“伪劣”出版物。
但是，荫麟并非今日惯见的“酷评”家，他固不喜欢一味的唱赞歌，亦不轻易因作者的疏漏而抹杀全书的功劳。他虽批评《白话文学史》诸种不善，却仍敏感的看出此书具有方法、取材及考证的优点；他虽对郭沫若的德文水平深致不满，却盛赞《中国古代社会研究》能够“拿人类学上的结论作工具去爬梳古史的材料”，“建设中国古代社会演化的历程”，实在是一项“重大贡献”。此外，对顾颉刚“疑古”学说“误用默证”的方法论错误、冯友兰《中国哲学史》中的史实错误，他都提出过严厉而中肯的批评。顾氏无以自解，终未回应；冯氏覆书致谢，有则改之。
荫麟尝表明自己对专业书评的态度：“一个批评者对一部书有所纠绳，这并不就表示他对于这书的鄙薄”（第223页）。这固然是个人的信条，但也需要时代风气的培陶，以及被批评者的雅量（或曰服善之勇）。荫麟十七岁时指出梁启超的考证错误，启超引为忘年交，称之为“天才”；冯友兰在他死后，曾集资、主持设立“张荫麟奖学金”；顾颉刚于荫麟死后撰《当代中国史学》，赞扬其在通史、宋史领域大有建树。若非他生活的那个时代确具几分开明的特性，若非那些学人确具服善之勇，这些故事只怕都不会发生。
吴晗有感于亡友身后寂寞，曾说，即算荫麟不死，“再多受些磨折、考验、洗炼，恐怕他还是得死，不过死法不同，不是死于穷病而已”。很不幸，一语成谶，二十年后，吴晗未“死于穷病”，而死于“文革”。然则，荫麟之早夭固为不幸，较诸吴晗之暴毙，抑又为幸耶？
谨此纪念素痴先生诞辰一百周年。

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