野史正——不谈主义 只讲故事
正史与野史的区别究竟在哪里？
或曰，区别在于，正史多为官修，野史出于私撰。但是，司马迁的“一家之言”——《史记》乃是毋庸置疑的正史，而且，唐代以前的正史编撰亦皆“由个人或史家家族着手进行的私人或半私人的计划”，从唐代开始，官修史书才成为主流（杨联陞《国史探微•官修史学的结构》）。那么，修正一下，可不可以说，自唐代以来，只有官修史书才有资格称为正史？答曰，不行。因为反证很多，举个显明的例子，那就是明清易代之际的史事，我们若只看《明史》与《清史稿》，是不得要领的。因为，我们看见的全是“我朝得天下之正，千古之所未有”（清圣祖语）的从容景象，邪性的暴力的残酷的东西几乎全消失了——不仅对清代有掩饰，对明代帝王也有“为尊者讳”之处；清帝嘱咐史馆诸人，要他们“力求平允”，不许批评明帝（刘承幹辑《明史例案》卷一）。不得已，我们还要找出很多私家著述，参以故宫“秘档”（包括比对删改前后的不同《清实录》版本），乃至征引朝鲜国史，才能拼出一幅大致清楚的历史画卷。以此之故，孟森撰《明元清系通纪》及《满洲开国史讲义》，就比《明史》和《清史稿》的有关记载更像正史。三百年前如此，三百年后也有类似的例子，譬如，西安事变与抗美援朝两件大事，读者若非以杨奎松（《西安事变新探——张学良与中共关系之研究》）及沈志华（《毛泽东、斯大林与朝鲜战争》）二人的研究成果为指标性读物，那么，所得或竟真是“稗官小说”之类的“野史”，而不足与语“正史”。然则，以官修与私撰来区别正史与野史，这条路子行不通。
那么，正史与野史的区别究竟在哪里？鄙人答曰：晓不得。
也许，什么是正史，什么是野史，根本是个伪命题。产生于后现代主义运动的各式历史哲学——其著者如新历史主义、结构主义、解构主义、后殖民主义等，早已挑战乃至试图取消历史的客观真实性，只承认历史书写不过像小说一样只是一种“虚构”，历史学家的职责是也只能是完成一个从文本到文本（from text to text）的阐释循环；文本以外，一无所有（There is nothing outside the TEXT）。管他什么有血有肉的人，有破有立的事，有兴起有绝续的思想，全不过是此一时彼一时的“虚构”，真实云云，意义云云，茫不可辨亦不须辨矣。这么一来，不要说正史与野史没什么区别，史书与侃大山也没了区别；省事倒是省事，只是对于绝大多数并不能从纯粹的理论思辩中获得快感的人（譬如在下）来说，未免有点怅然若失。
不过，话又说回来，后现代主义史观——如果有的话——集矢反对的还是所谓“宏大叙事”，譬如，历史发展的客观规律，民族国家的建立神话，现代化进程的天然合法性，等等；若真能将这些“大词”剔除，只去寻求具体而微的史实，最大限度逼近人与事的“历史真相”，回归到“微而显”、“志而晦”、“婉而成章”、“尽而不污”（《左传正义》杜预序）的中国史学传统，未尝不是一件好事。少谈些主义，多讲点故事，不亦乐乎？
正是在这个前提下，才有了这个专栏。需要申明的是，此所谓故事，是指过去的事，并非“故事会”的“故事”；而且，只拣那些说不太清楚的故事，往复辩难，传信传疑，虽不能说将疑案皆办成定案，但务必杜绝强行翻案。言行能否一致，尚祈读者诸君监督赐正，敝人不敢自必也。
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