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宋人王汾口吃，同僚刘攽编了个顺口溜笑话他，云：“恐是昌家，又疑非类。不见雄名，唯闻艾气”（祝穆《古今事文类聚后集》卷十九）。这个顺口溜，括举了四位史上有名的口吃人，分别是周昌、韩非、扬雄和邓艾。汉高帝欲废太子，周昌说：“臣期期不奉诏”；邓艾对司马昭，自称“艾艾”。合起来，便有了“期期艾艾”这个成语。至于韩非与扬雄，一则“为人口吃，不能道说，而善著书”，一则“口吃不能剧谈，默而好深湛之思”，若再加上同为口吃人的大文豪司马相如，稍作分析，或能总结出一条“历史规律”，便是：口吃人会写文章。钱锺书《管锥编》有专章讨论此事，广征博辩，趣味盎然，有意者不妨参观。
近代以来，“不能道说而善著书”者，应以顾颉刚为最著名。据中华书局预告，待刊《顾颉刚全集》共计二千二百万字，令人钦羡莫名。不过，他的口吃，不是天生，而是被塾师吓出来的。据其自述，九岁那年，因背书不够流利，塾师挥动戒尺，敲桌有声，“在这种的威吓和迫击之下，长使我战栗恐怖，结果竟把我逼成了口吃，害得我一生永不能在言语中自由发表思想”。苦则苦矣，然回过头一看，虽“不能在言语中自由发表思想”，却锻炼出用文字表达思想的超强本领，也算因祸得福。顾颉刚写论文，一动手便是鸿篇巨制，且文情并茂，引人入胜，全无一般学术论文的枯燥乏味。他的文章，不仅是一流的论文，甚而可当作侦探小说来看。
譬如，在传统观念中，三皇五帝是神圣先王，至善的楷模，他们所处的时代则是“黄金世界”。顾颉刚读书得间，不信邪，发现这种观念的形成史大有破绽，于是，写了《五德始终说下的政治和历史》及《三皇考》两篇文章，将三皇五帝从神坛上扯下来，说明这些所谓圣王不过是战国至汉初人士集体造伪的成果——即“层累底造成的中国古史”。起先或有关于三皇五帝的传说及神话，但各界人士各抱鬼胎，不谋而合，添油加醋，竟将神话改造为历史，生生拼出一幅黄金时代的图案。顾颉刚抽丝剥茧，逐个击破，总结出二条造伪规律：一，“时代愈后，传说的古史期愈长”；也就是说，汉代人算出来的先秦古史要比春秋时人知道的长，魏晋时人对先秦史又比汉代人知道的更多，而到了清代（甚至当代），大家张嘴就说，中国文明史上下五、六千年，斩钉截铁，汉魏人士亦瞠目结舌也。二，“时代愈后，传说中的中心人物愈放愈大”；舜这个人，孔子只说他“无为而治”，表示不太清楚他到底有哪些具体的“治法”，后于孔子者，则已能明白说出他是“家齐而后国治”，再后一点，如孟子，竟然还知道舜是一个大孝子。于是，细节越来越丰富，真实性却越来越不可靠。
正史造伪如此，民间野史，亦是如此。顾颉刚研究孟姜女故事，发现一开始孟姜女只是一个知礼的妇人。老公战死，国君来慰问，她不愿“郊吊”，请国君到家里吊唁，是否大哭一场，文献不足征（《左传》）；及至《檀弓》，却说她“迎其柩而哭之哀”，这是初试啼声；到了汉人口中，则说她闻耗大哭，而“城为之阤”，“隅为之崩”（《说苑》）；接下来，各路人马纷纷出动，这个说她哭得如何悲伤如何号啕，那个说她哭崩了那座城那座山；最后，到了唐末，大家才形成共识，说，长城是孟姜女哭坏的。此后，孟姜女姓甚名谁，家住何方，恋爱经过，乃至与夫君、秦始皇产生了一段三角恋，种种细节，皆大白于天下，流传至今。
好人好事，有人造伪；坏人坏事，也有人做假。商纣王在传统观念中简直就是魔鬼的化身、极恶的象征，毫无天良，绝非人类。但是，子贡早就怀疑，“纣之不善，不如是之甚也”（《论语》）。想想也是，哪有坏的这么纯粹的人呢？顾颉刚也这么认为，所以写了篇《纣恶七十事的发生次第》，告诉大家：其初，纣王不过是个昏君，爱喝点小酒，听信妇人之言，登用小人而已（《尚书》）；那些酒池肉林、炮烙挖心的暴君行径，一条一条，都由东周至西汉的人给他“层累底造成”。纣王吃亏，就吃亏在他是失败者，因为，历史是胜利者书写的嘛；冤哉纣王。同理，腐朽罪恶的清代政治，垂死挣扎的资本主义，盖世魔头斯大林，布什嘴里的本•拉登，等等等等，古今中外的坏人坏事，其形象之陶铸，莫不符合此一规律。子贡不说了么，“是以君子恶居下流”，不然，“天下之恶皆归焉”。
正史云乎哉？野史云乎哉？尧舜可信耶？孟姜女不可信也？天下之善善恶恶，实在难言；惩恶扬善，更只是武侠小说的痴人说梦。所幸有了顾颉刚，发动一场“古史辨”运动，虽未能因此而执善恶之中，终令吾人对历史的真伪提高了几分警惕心，对善恶的判断增添了几分谨慎心。
那么，回头望向顾颉刚，他的生平学行，又有没有“层累底造成”的痕迹呢？我敢肯定，在信古、疑古、释古三大流派中，各人心中的顾颉刚，形象是大相径庭的；即由师友记载，顾颉刚的形象也不能划一。这都可算作无心的“层累”罢。在新出版的《顾颉刚先生学行录》中，尽管编者已经声明：“文章中有些非作者亲身经历的传闻之辞，编者确知为失实者，一概予以删节，不另说明”；但是，细心读者仍能体会到顾颉刚的多元化和复杂性。倘参以他书，互相辩证，运用顾颉刚所创之方法去观察顾颉刚，或不难看到一个接近真象的史学家。
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In a number of stints with the Tribe, Carrera has proved himself to become an unpolished, but promising young outfielder. His defense continues to be acceptable, amazing hitting has improved with experience. Not too long ago, he was called up around August, when using the season unrealistic. In 48 games a year ago, he batted .272 along with a .312 onbase percentage in 158 plate appearances. ニューバランス 996 During that stretch, he walked just 日知其所亡 » 顾 史 辨 eight times alongside 35 strikeouts.
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