野史正——不谈主义 只讲故事

2006年11月26日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

正史与野史的区别究竟在哪里?
或曰,区别在于,正史多为官修,野史出于私撰。但是,司马迁的“一家之言”——《史记》乃是毋庸置疑的正史,而且,唐代以前的正史编撰亦皆“由个人或史家家族着手进行的私人或半私人的计划”,从唐代开始,官修史书才成为主流(杨联陞《国史探微•官修史学的结构》)。那么,修正一下,可不可以说,自唐代以来,只有官修史书才有资格称为正史?答曰,不行。因为反证很多,举个显明的例子,那就是明清易代之际的史事,我们若只看《明史》与《清史稿》,是不得要领的。因为,我们看见的全是“我朝得天下之正,千古之所未有”(清圣祖语)的从容景象,邪性的暴力的残酷的东西几乎全消失了——不仅对清代有掩饰,对明代帝王也有“为尊者讳”之处;清帝嘱咐史馆诸人,要他们“力求平允”,不许批评明帝(刘承幹辑《明史例案》卷一)。不得已,我们还要找出很多私家著述,参以故宫“秘档”(包括比对删改前后的不同《清实录》版本),乃至征引朝鲜国史,才能拼出一幅大致清楚的历史画卷。以此之故,孟森撰《明元清系通纪》及《满洲开国史讲义》,就比《明史》和《清史稿》的有关记载更像正史。三百年前如此,三百年后也有类似的例子,譬如,西安事变与抗美援朝两件大事,读者若非以杨奎松(《西安事变新探——张学良与中共关系之研究》)及沈志华(《毛泽东、斯大林与朝鲜战争》)二人的研究成果为指标性读物,那么,所得或竟真是“稗官小说”之类的“野史”,而不足与语“正史”。然则,以官修与私撰来区别正史与野史,这条路子行不通。
那么,正史与野史的区别究竟在哪里?鄙人答曰:晓不得。
也许,什么是正史,什么是野史,根本是个伪命题。产生于后现代主义运动的各式历史哲学——其著者如新历史主义、结构主义、解构主义、后殖民主义等,早已挑战乃至试图取消历史的客观真实性,只承认历史书写不过像小说一样只是一种“虚构”,历史学家的职责是也只能是完成一个从文本到文本(from text to text)的阐释循环;文本以外,一无所有(There is nothing outside the TEXT)。管他什么有血有肉的人,有破有立的事,有兴起有绝续的思想,全不过是此一时彼一时的“虚构”,真实云云,意义云云,茫不可辨亦不须辨矣。这么一来,不要说正史与野史没什么区别,史书与侃大山也没了区别;省事倒是省事,只是对于绝大多数并不能从纯粹的理论思辩中获得快感的人(譬如在下)来说,未免有点怅然若失。
不过,话又说回来,后现代主义史观——如果有的话——集矢反对的还是所谓“宏大叙事”,譬如,历史发展的客观规律,民族国家的建立神话,现代化进程的天然合法性,等等;若真能将这些“大词”剔除,只去寻求具体而微的史实,最大限度逼近人与事的“历史真相”,回归到“微而显”、“志而晦”、“婉而成章”、“尽而不污”(《左传正义》杜预序)的中国史学传统,未尝不是一件好事。少谈些主义,多讲点故事,不亦乐乎?
正是在这个前提下,才有了这个专栏。需要申明的是,此所谓故事,是指过去的事,并非“故事会”的“故事”;而且,只拣那些说不太清楚的故事,往复辩难,传信传疑,虽不能说将疑案皆办成定案,但务必杜绝强行翻案。言行能否一致,尚祈读者诸君监督赐正,敝人不敢自必也。

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  7. Lady Griz hand Selvig 800th career win with 68 61 victory over PortlandGriz up to fifth in TSN poll, highest ranking of seasonBig Sky honors Sac State QB SafronNorth Dakota football coach firedSince 1897, the Cat Griz rivalry has captivated the stateFamily health: Prepare yourself and your vehicle for winter drivingFitness calendarBirths for Tuesday, November 19Angler with 4th place total takes Fall Mack Days fishing tournament titleWestern Montana hunters get help from fresh snow, rutIf the name Grace Coddington is familiar, you’ve probably seen the 2009 documentary film “The September Issue” about Vogue magazine’s Editor in Chief Anna Wintour, the most feared and revered woman in fashion. Now Coddington, the longtime creative director of Vogue, has her own star vehicle, an engaging memoir titled “Grace,” co written with Michael Roberts. For anyone with a passing interest in the fashion industry, it’s worth a read for the name dropping alone.As became clear in the film, which chronicled the magazine’s staff as they put together the 4 pound September 2007 issue, Coddington is not the Anna Wintour or Diana Vreeland type. You won’t hear her barking orders at assistants or making dramatic pronouncements about pink.But she is equally passionate, a wild haired dreamer who thinks that fashion should be transporting, provocative and even intellectual, who bemoans the dominance of celebrities and digital hocus pocus in fashion photography and who isn’t afraid to take on Wintour.The book is a window into how fashion has changed from a small, niche business into a global pop culture medium. It chronicles Coddington’s 50 years in the industry, first as a model, then as a fashion editor for British Vogue and finally as creative director for American Vogue, with lots of juicy anecdotes about designers, photographers, celebrities and models.She compares the fashion world then and now and offers clues into her relationship with Wintour. She’s also open about her private life, including details about failed marriages, the tragic death of her sister Rosemary and her 30 year romance with French hairstylist Didier Malige. She tells colorful stories behind many of the fashion shoots she has styled, but I do wish she had offered more insight into her role in the creative process.Coddington begins by painting a picture of her upbringing as romantic as any photo shoot. For her first 18 years, her home was the Trearddur Bay Hotel on the island of Anglesey off the coast of North Wales. “Although it was bleak, I saw beauty in the bleakness.” When she wasn’t outdoors, she amused herself by looking at picture books, reading fairy tales and, yes, studying the pages of Vogue magazine. As a teen, she went to a convent school and has vivid memories of the nuns roller skating on the rooftop, “flapping about surreally in their robes like crows on wheels.”At 18, she moved to London to attend a modeling course advertised in Vogue. The fashion world was much different in 1959. Coddington had to learn how to apply her own makeup and style her own hair, because makeup artists and hairdressers specializing in photo shoots were nonexistent. A meeting with photographer Norman Parkinson led to her first modeling job running naked through the woods for an arty fashion catalog.Coddington became an overnight success. “I was a character, rather than a pretty model, and I suppose that’s exactly what I look for in the girls I now select to put in American Vogue the ones who are quirky looking.”She earned the nickname “The Cod” (to Jean Shrimpton’s “The Shrimp”), danced the twist on Mary Quant’s catwalk and became a muse to Vidal Sassoon, who created his famous five point cut on Coddington. Her modeling career was derailed for two years by a car accident, which scarred her left eyelid. But eventually things picked up again, and she settled into life in 1960s swinging London and Paris, hanging out with a fast crowd that included Michael Caine, Jane Birkin, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.Her fashion editing career coincided with the beginning of her relationship with Michael Chow and the opening of his glamorous restaurant Mr. Chow, which attracted a starry crowd. “Naturally, we were forever being photographed at home, draped among our symbols of ‘with it ness’ as one of London’s most happening couples; him, the cool young restaurateur, nonchalantly swinging in a hammock hung from the minstrel’s gallery and me, the sophisticated style maker, perkily sitting cross legged atop a giant pop art version of a Campbell’s soup can.”At the height of the bohemian 1970s, she dyed her hair with henna and permed it (it would stay the same for much of the next 40 years), dressed almost exclusively in Yves Saint Laurent, had a fling with a Vietnamese photographer and spent her evenings at Club Sept in Paris. Coddington worked with the who’s who of fashion. She shot Anjelica Huston with photographer David Bailey and Pat Cleveland with Helmut Newton.When Bea Miller, who had edited British Vogue for 22 years, retired, Coddington interviewed for the job but says she knew deep down she wasn’t suited for it and thought that Wintour, then the creative director of American Vogue, should get it.Wintour did get it. Two days into her editorship, she invited Coddington to a screening of the racy film “Betty Blue.” The two sat in dead silence through the opening sequence, a vivid five minute sex scene.”Anna was rigid and unmoving. No sign of any emotion at all,” Coddington writes. “I then realized how much significance Anna places on willpower trumping feelings.”In 1988, when Wintour was appointed editor in chief at American Vogue, Coddington asked to join her. Coddington’s narrative style fashion features and travelogues, a sampling of which appear in the book, became the heart and soul of the magazine, even as its pages became increasingly taken over by celebrities. Through her visual canvases, she interpreted the New Romantic period, grunge and the South Beach blinged out 1990s, and persuaded superstar designers Tom Ford, Marc Jacobs and others to play roles in a shoot based on “Alice in Wonderland.”She sums up her creative process this way: “For me, one of the most important aspects of my work is to give people something to dream about, just as I used to dream all those years ago as a child looking at beautiful photographs.”The book ends with a chapter on then and now. “Fashion has changed so much in my lifetime,” Coddington writes. “Today, I find myself at the collections, asking, ‘Who are all these people?’ Sometimes I think I’m the last remaining person who comes to the shows for the pleasure of seeing the clothes.”At 71, she seldom wears makeup and doesn’t socialize much. But her attempt in the last 100 pages to distance herself from the term “fashionista” is a bit of a stretch. Clearly, Coddington has led a most charmed life. Otherwise, we wouldn’t be reading about it.We provide this community forum for readers to exchange ideas and opinions on the news of the day. Passionate views, pointed criticism and critical thinking are welcome. Comments can only be submitted by registered users. By posting comments on our site, you are agreeing to the following terms:

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