湘乡曾国藩与娄底卡内基

2006年11月14日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

传统中国在称呼上有很多讲究，或者说是礼貌，第一条，不能对人直呼其名——其人之君亲师例外。古人皆有表字，便是为了相互称呼的方便。此外，还有更尊敬的办法，那就是连其人的姓氏也一并“讳称”。例如，一说瑯琊，大家就明白这是说姓王的，一说天水，大家就明白这说的是赵氏；此即所谓“地望”。还有一些地方，不是某姓发源之所，也不是同姓聚居之地，但因为地方上出了名人，一说那个地名，大家也能明白所指，即如近代，就有王船山（夫之）、李合肥（鸿章）、袁项城（世凯）、康南海（有为）等人。吾湘地名代称，最著名者便是湘乡——韶山作为地名，当然更著名，只是说“毛韶山”的极为罕见，远不如“曾湘乡”三字约定俗成，广为人知。陈寅恪说自己“议论近乎湘乡、南皮”，即谓曾国藩、张之洞（河北南皮人）是老成典型，而以地望代称，则示尊敬。
但是，曾国藩的故居所在地——双峰县荷叶镇富托村，却不在今日的湘乡市境内，而属于娄底。若要较真，我们就不好再说曾湘乡，而应该说曾娄底了；只是，历史的影响远比行政区域一时一地的更变来得长远，将来，即算娄底并入广东省，大家仍然会说曾国藩是湖南人吧。不过，曾国藩故居“迁址”以后，因历史影响而带来的现实利益，湘乡就要吃点亏了。据闻，当地政府正拟修缮曾国藩故居，将其“定位”为“成功学教育基地”，广揽宾朋，大襄“文化搭台、经济唱戏”的盛举。倘能经营如法，精神物质双文明的大丰收，可以想见。
美国人卡内基的“成功学”是舶来品，以传统中国学问对应的话，其源当为《大学》所谓的“修身齐家治国平天下”，其流则为《颜氏家训》、《朱子治家格言》、《呻吟语》之类教人修身处世的书，庶几近似。据鄙人的一知半解，近日的“成功学”教材已不再如刚入中土时，唯洋是尚，全盘西化，而更注重在当代中国背景下的本土化和可操作性，或可称之为“西体中用”——理论是卡内基的，案例则是中国的。此与近代史上有名的“中体西用”似相违背，然在“一球样”（Globalization，李零译，俗译“全球化”）的今天，准以“民族的就是世界的”之原则，则体什么用什么，似亦无须多作计较。问题的关键在于，是不是用了都说好，谁用谁知道。
“成功学”练成之人，应可称为成功人士。但是，修炼“成功学”之人虽多，成功人士却不多见。即以曾国藩论：《曾文正公嘉言钞》是梁启超精心编排用以教育国人救亡图存的，可嗣后真正改变赤县神州的有用之学却不是这一套；《曾胡治兵语录》是蒋中正在军中大力推广的“教辅资料”，但是国民党军队的结局远较湘军为差；今日市面上冠以曾氏之名的各类“宝典”极为畅销，但是，除了“打落牙齿和血吞”之类的忍字诀（或谓此即“挺经”之精意），似别无引人入胜的话头。以此，不得不令人怀疑曾氏“成功学”是否仅是一个商业噱头，并无实效。以此，不得不令人担忧“教育基地”的未来，是否真能教学相长，盆满钵满。
话又说回来，就算所谓“教育基地”真是个商业噱头，但若在修缮故居的时候，修旧如旧——而非修旧如新，乃至修的面目全非——总算是一桩存古怀远的好功德，值得表彰。娄底不出卡内基，实非憾事；湘乡有个曾国藩，风味亦自不恶也。

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