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宋人王汾口吃,同僚刘攽编了个顺口溜笑话他,云:“恐是昌家,又疑非类。不见雄名,唯闻艾气”(祝穆《古今事文类聚后集》卷十九)。这个顺口溜,括举了四位史上有名的口吃人,分别是周昌、韩非、扬雄和邓艾。汉高帝欲废太子,周昌说:“臣期期不奉诏”;邓艾对司马昭,自称“艾艾”。合起来,便有了“期期艾艾”这个成语。至于韩非与扬雄,一则“为人口吃,不能道说,而善著书”,一则“口吃不能剧谈,默而好深湛之思”,若再加上同为口吃人的大文豪司马相如,稍作分析,或能总结出一条“历史规律”,便是:口吃人会写文章。钱锺书《管锥编》有专章讨论此事,广征博辩,趣味盎然,有意者不妨参观。
近代以来,“不能道说而善著书”者,应以顾颉刚为最著名。据中华书局预告,待刊《顾颉刚全集》共计二千二百万字,令人钦羡莫名。不过,他的口吃,不是天生,而是被塾师吓出来的。据其自述,九岁那年,因背书不够流利,塾师挥动戒尺,敲桌有声,“在这种的威吓和迫击之下,长使我战栗恐怖,结果竟把我逼成了口吃,害得我一生永不能在言语中自由发表思想”。苦则苦矣,然回过头一看,虽“不能在言语中自由发表思想”,却锻炼出用文字表达思想的超强本领,也算因祸得福。顾颉刚写论文,一动手便是鸿篇巨制,且文情并茂,引人入胜,全无一般学术论文的枯燥乏味。他的文章,不仅是一流的论文,甚而可当作侦探小说来看。
譬如,在传统观念中,三皇五帝是神圣先王,至善的楷模,他们所处的时代则是“黄金世界”。顾颉刚读书得间,不信邪,发现这种观念的形成史大有破绽,于是,写了《五德始终说下的政治和历史》及《三皇考》两篇文章,将三皇五帝从神坛上扯下来,说明这些所谓圣王不过是战国至汉初人士集体造伪的成果——即“层累底造成的中国古史”。起先或有关于三皇五帝的传说及神话,但各界人士各抱鬼胎,不谋而合,添油加醋,竟将神话改造为历史,生生拼出一幅黄金时代的图案。顾颉刚抽丝剥茧,逐个击破,总结出二条造伪规律:一,“时代愈后,传说的古史期愈长”;也就是说,汉代人算出来的先秦古史要比春秋时人知道的长,魏晋时人对先秦史又比汉代人知道的更多,而到了清代(甚至当代),大家张嘴就说,中国文明史上下五、六千年,斩钉截铁,汉魏人士亦瞠目结舌也。二,“时代愈后,传说中的中心人物愈放愈大”;舜这个人,孔子只说他“无为而治”,表示不太清楚他到底有哪些具体的“治法”,后于孔子者,则已能明白说出他是“家齐而后国治”,再后一点,如孟子,竟然还知道舜是一个大孝子。于是,细节越来越丰富,真实性却越来越不可靠。
正史造伪如此,民间野史,亦是如此。顾颉刚研究孟姜女故事,发现一开始孟姜女只是一个知礼的妇人。老公战死,国君来慰问,她不愿“郊吊”,请国君到家里吊唁,是否大哭一场,文献不足征(《左传》);及至《檀弓》,却说她“迎其柩而哭之哀”,这是初试啼声;到了汉人口中,则说她闻耗大哭,而“城为之阤”,“隅为之崩”(《说苑》);接下来,各路人马纷纷出动,这个说她哭得如何悲伤如何号啕,那个说她哭崩了那座城那座山;最后,到了唐末,大家才形成共识,说,长城是孟姜女哭坏的。此后,孟姜女姓甚名谁,家住何方,恋爱经过,乃至与夫君、秦始皇产生了一段三角恋,种种细节,皆大白于天下,流传至今。
好人好事,有人造伪;坏人坏事,也有人做假。商纣王在传统观念中简直就是魔鬼的化身、极恶的象征,毫无天良,绝非人类。但是,子贡早就怀疑,“纣之不善,不如是之甚也”(《论语》)。想想也是,哪有坏的这么纯粹的人呢?顾颉刚也这么认为,所以写了篇《纣恶七十事的发生次第》,告诉大家:其初,纣王不过是个昏君,爱喝点小酒,听信妇人之言,登用小人而已(《尚书》);那些酒池肉林、炮烙挖心的暴君行径,一条一条,都由东周至西汉的人给他“层累底造成”。纣王吃亏,就吃亏在他是失败者,因为,历史是胜利者书写的嘛;冤哉纣王。同理,腐朽罪恶的清代政治,垂死挣扎的资本主义,盖世魔头斯大林,布什嘴里的本•拉登,等等等等,古今中外的坏人坏事,其形象之陶铸,莫不符合此一规律。子贡不说了么,“是以君子恶居下流”,不然,“天下之恶皆归焉”。
正史云乎哉?野史云乎哉?尧舜可信耶?孟姜女不可信也?天下之善善恶恶,实在难言;惩恶扬善,更只是武侠小说的痴人说梦。所幸有了顾颉刚,发动一场“古史辨”运动,虽未能因此而执善恶之中,终令吾人对历史的真伪提高了几分警惕心,对善恶的判断增添了几分谨慎心。
那么,回头望向顾颉刚,他的生平学行,又有没有“层累底造成”的痕迹呢?我敢肯定,在信古、疑古、释古三大流派中,各人心中的顾颉刚,形象是大相径庭的;即由师友记载,顾颉刚的形象也不能划一。这都可算作无心的“层累”罢。在新出版的《顾颉刚先生学行录》中,尽管编者已经声明:“文章中有些非作者亲身经历的传闻之辞,编者确知为失实者,一概予以删节,不另说明”;但是,细心读者仍能体会到顾颉刚的多元化和复杂性。倘参以他书,互相辩证,运用顾颉刚所创之方法去观察顾颉刚,或不难看到一个接近真象的史学家。
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