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咸丰九年三月,洪仁玕来到天京,投奔阔别八年的族兄洪秀全。入城不过二十天,仁玕便迭受封爵,从干天福、干天义 一直做到开朝精忠军师顶天扶朝纲干王 。天国诸人特别是以陈玉成为首的武将们,对洪仁玕这次的平步青云极不以为然,“众口沸腾”,颇有“孔明(诸葛亮)进而关(羽)、张(飞)不服”的架势。仁玕急忙保奏陈玉成为英王,以平息事态。秀全下旨批准,并说明:“(此後,)内事不决问干王,外事不决问英王,内外不决问天王” 。当日天国名将,除了陈玉成,还有一个李秀成;玉成封了王,秀成却只是後军主将,加一个合天义的爵位,心下便不高兴。仁玕鉴此,便又建议封秀全为忠王,封秀全堂弟世贤为侍王,秀全再次旨准。秀成却仍不满意,要求天王对他的捻军兄弟加封爵位,否则不敢“受任”;秀全无奈,接受他的意见,秀成这才启印受事 。
其时,天京被清军江南、江北两大营围困,而胡林翼、曾国藩也开始实行“四路征皖”的计划,要沿着长江一路打过来。当此危困之际,三位新封的王爷不得不仔细探讨“天国向何处去”的重大问题。秀成瞧不上凭着戚谊进爵封王的仁玕,却向他“求示以行征之策”,只待仁玕讲不出道理时,可借机辱笑一番。孰知仁玕看他“求教心切”,乃不吝赐教,竟讲出一套极为高明的方略:
“京都被围,止有江北一线之路运粮回京,何能与敌争长?为今之计,可潜师远出,攻击其背之虚处;彼外无馀兵相救,必请围京之兵以救之;度其离京既远,即行撤攻潜回,约定英、忠、侍王合解京围,此必有建瓴之势也”;
敌军最“虚”之处,谓苏州和杭州。敌军之“背”,则是江西和两湖。江南绿营兵力,大都被和春、张国樑抽调去围困天京;苏、杭两地不但兵少将弱,且两省巡抚俱不谙军事,故曰“虚”。今年夏,石达开大军入侵湖南,湖北、江西湘军纷纷回援,苦战两个月,达开退走广西,由此造成湘、鄂、赣三省军务布置的混乱,而就地势而言,三省恰为天京围军之“背”。仁玕之意,盖欲英、忠二王攻“虚”击“背”,逼迫天京围军分援江、浙、赣、鄂等地,再猛然杀一个回马枪,将天京围军击溃,以重新取得“建瓴之势”。
秀成闻言,很是佩服,称为“妙算”。但是,解围之後,又该怎么办呢?仁玕笑曰:“有策。一指点间可知矣”,他“指点”道:
“我天京南距云、贵、两粤,西距川、陕,北至长城,俱约六、七千里之遥,惟东至苏、杭、大海,不及千里,乘胜而下,一鼓可成。那时地广库丰,吾得□□□□ ,买用火轮船二十个,往来长江,上通荆、楚,下通闽、粤。发兵一支,由江西进两湖;发兵一支,由江北进荆(州)、襄(阳)。武昌得,则长江既为我天京之保障,南方可传檄而定矣。然後操练兵马,安抚良民,自川、陕而东,则无粮以应北京,其势必危,吾事济矣”;
咸丰三年,太平军甫一占领南京,便同时开出两路大军,一以伐北,一以征西,遽欲打铁趁热,一举颠覆清社。但是,北伐军并未认识到後勤供应对作战具有决定性的作用,只知一味向前;就像那掰玉米的熊瞎子,拣一只,扔一只,不晓得吃了再拣,拣了又吃。北伐军一路上只克城,不守城,既不注意安抚民众,也不细心接管各地财税,以致军队越战越远,实力却越来越弱,後路越来越虚;不过一年,北伐军便弹尽粮绝,全军覆没。西征军有长江之便,进退稍从容,且统帅为石达开、林启荣等名将,深知建立根据地、保证後勤的重要性。因此,见南昌不克,则旁击皖、鄂,先後攻克安庆、九江、武昌,并极力经营安庆,使之成为天京的屏障,以及在长江两岸扩张势力的军事和经济中心。仁玕有鉴于北伐军急于求成导致速亡,乃强调天京解围之後,必须先拿下苏、杭“地广库丰”之区,练兵抚民,稳打稳扎,再考虑征服南方以至全中国的问题。
经过这番“指点”,秀成心悦诚服,再无异议,当下表态:“吾必遵殿下长策,远击虚处。求兄宽心,求主务虑,吾誓报我主知遇之恩也” 。
以上,俱由洪仁玕于同治三年九、十月间被捕後向席宝田、沈葆桢供认。先他被捕、先他被杀亦先他作供的忠王李秀成,却不这么说。封王一事,秀成说:
“杀东、北王 之後,永不封王。今封王者,因其弟洪仁玕九年之间而耒 ,见其弟至,格外欢天,一时好乐,重爱其弟,到京未满半月,封为军师,号为干王,降照 天下,要人悉归其制。封过後,未见一谋。天王再而复思,又见各旧功臣久扶其囯,心[中] 不分〈忿〉 [意]。天王见势不同,自翼王他向 ,保囯者〔首〕 陈玉成与我〔而〕为首,那时英王名现〈显〉,我名未成,日日勤劳,邦〈帮〉为运算,凡事不胷〈离〉。天王见封其弟,初耒封长,又冇 才情,封有两月之久,一事无谋;已知愧过,难对功臣。後而先封陈玉成为英王” ;
咸丰七年发生天京事变:北王杀掉犯上作乱的东王,又要顺手杀翼王,天王看不下去,回手杀了北王,不多久,天王又要杀翼王,翼王逃出天京。天国分裂。王王相杀,令天王伤心,乃下旨称今後“永不封王”。二年后,其弟仁玕来京,天王破例封其为王。仁玕受封後,“两月之久,一事无谋”;天王内愧,乃封战功卓著的陈玉成为英王。这与仁玕自谓“见众将中惟陈玉成忠勇超群,乃保奏王爵”,显然有别。
至于秀成被封忠王,更与仁玕无关。秀成口头上说“英王名现〈显〉,我名未成”,心里却不服气;但他又不愿坦承自己的妒嫉,即在曾国藩面前,他亦不愿承认。于是,他在供词中托李昭寿 之口,说“其〈渠〉见天王封陈玉成为王,……其〈渠〉心不分〈忿〉”,乃作密信,“劝我投其〈清〉”。阴差阳错,这封密信被太平军缴获,以致“合京人人知道,恐我有变”,流言且传到秀全耳中。秀全也不发作,只静观其变。过了二十日,“未见动静”,这才在黄缎子上亲书“万古忠义”四个大字,册封秀成为忠王。是故,秀成要说“我为忠王者,实李昭受耒文之诱,而乐我心封之”。
世间苦心父母,为保佑子女多福,往往在大名之外给儿女取个“贱”名,作为平日昵称,所谓“起个贱名家里玩,阎王小鬼不来烦”。此风流衍至今不绝,甚至中科院专家们研制的国内首枚高性能通用CPU芯片,大名唤作“龙芯”,竟也取了个小名,叫做“狗剩”——只是其英文名为“Godson”(似谐音“狗剩”) ,却又自诩甚高,居然有上帝是朕天父、基督是朕太兄之意;以此占之,“龙芯”命途当极其曲折,祸福寿夭不可测矣。然则,忠王之美称,终几为“叛徒”之恶谥,倚伏之机亦在是焉?
然而,较之攻“虚”击“背”以解天京之围的宏大构思,王位的授受、爵名的美恶又显得不那么重要了。仁玕自供,说这个计划的知识产权由己独享;秀成自供,则说:
“京城困如铁桶一盤〈般〉……我在外四路通文,各而肯从我意,任我指陈〈挥〉……我非一心去打杭郡。见和(春)、张(国樑)两帅困我主及我母亲[在]京,知和、张两帅军饷具〈俱〉出在苏、杭、江西、福建、广东,此是出奇兵而制胜,扯动和、张两帅江南之兵,我好复兵而回,救解天京之谋” ;
“打杭郡”,说的是咸丰十年二月,秀成以千人突袭杭州,天京围军急分大兵来援,秀成联手玉成,“复兵而回”,一举击溃江南、江北二大营,“救解”了天京之围。此处,秀成压根没提仁玕的名字,而将从策划到执行的功劳全行包揽。若然,仁玕自比孔明,则不过是事后诸葛亮,一文不值。真相到底如何?时任浙江宁海知县的许瑶光,当日得到一册“会议伪书”,可以解答这个问题。他简述此份会议记录,说:
“(咸丰)十年,会议于芜湖,(定议)陷广德、泗安,以破杭州,分我兵势,旋回聚于界牌,纠集上江诸贼暨侍逆、辅逆、刘逆、古逆,即英逆亦由北渡南扑我大营,致张帅阵亡于丹阳,和帅自缢于浒墅” ;
原来,秀成在芜湖召开会议,定下“救解天京之谋”,仁玕无与焉。不过,这种“围魏救赵”的战法,实是太平军的惯伎,此前屡屡得手:咸丰五年,石达开攻江西,以救武昌和九江;九年,陈玉成攻扬州,以救六合。此役後,同治二年,李秀成犹欲故技重施,以“进北攻南”之法,再救天京。且“围魏救赵”之策,自太史公从古战例中拈出,载诸《史记》,早成为广大人民群众有口能说的“经典”,此策之各类变化,谋军事者亦必熟谙于心,无所谓奇计、“长策”矣。然则,伯牛不辞繁琐,欲证明太平军运用此计,其功当归于秀成,而非仁玕,有什么意义?
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