通史之断与断代之通
通史之作用，在于总结。旧式通史，所欲总结者不外两端，一曰“理乱兴亡”，一曰“典章制度”。新式通史，所欲总结者，则以社会形态、生活方式、经济发展为要。汉代，甫自封建制一变而为郡县制，在政治、经济、文化层面与前代截然不同，故须要一部通史来作个总结。于是，司马迁撰《史记》，作个总结。宋代，直接隋唐，远绍秦汉，政治、经济虽不脱中央集权制度（亦即郡县制的自然发展）的矩范，但是，立法更完备，运作更缜密，发展更迅速，迥异于中古之中国，以故，钱穆说：“中国的近代史，自宋代即开始了”。于是，司马光撰《资治通鉴》，作个总结。民国肇造，标示二千年帝制一朝崩坍，四万万人民其命维新，且不论新瓶旧酒、乱紫夺朱的遗憾，经验教训仍需总结，于是，数十年间，作者蜂起，通史之作盛于前代，其中佼佼者，则有邓之诚、吕思勉、钱穆、张荫麟、范文澜诸人。兹请介绍吕思勉所撰《白话本国史》。
吕思勉（1884-1957），字诚之，江苏常州人，1922年，撰成《白话本国史》，是中国第一部用白话文写成的通史。吕思勉的一生，可以四个字概括，曰：埋头读书。他以史学名家，读得最多的，当然是史书。他的门人杨宽（战国史名家，新近辞世）尝说他“先后把二十四史反复阅读了三遍”，然据其自述，则不然。实际情况应是，二十四史中，《史记》、《汉书》、《三国志》读过四遍，《后汉书》、《新唐书》、《辽史》、《金史》、《元史》读过三遍，“其余都只两遍而已”（《自述学习历史之经过》）。旧时学者通读过二十四史的，绝不仅见，以此赞扬吕思勉的学问，似不足重。但是，我们先看一段当时“在史学上称王”（傅斯年语）的顾颉刚对通史撰著的评论，再看看吕思勉治史的次序，最后回过头来对他通读二十四史的事迹进行“解读”，兴许能别有解会。
顾颉刚说：“通史的写作，非一个人的精力所能胜任，而中国历史上需待考证的问题又太多，因此最好的办法，是分工合作，先作断代的研究，使其精力集中于某一个时代，作专门而精湛的考证论文，如是方可以产生一部完美的断代史，也更可以产生一部完美的通史”（《当代中国史学》）；顾氏此语，很像一种常用的教训：先学走，后学跑。用今日的话说，叫作尊重常识。但是，常识不常，又是一种常识。即以小儿学走为譬；不难发见，小儿之蹒跚，其实是走跑兼具，孰为走，孰为跑，并不能截然划分。何况小儿并不具有清晰分辨走与跑的能力，他的走，他的跑，全凭长者定义。更何况，快走，是走还是跑？慢跑，是跑还是走？即便长者也无法一一指认。小儿成人，回首往迹，到底是先学会走后学会跑，还是会跑以后才能走得更好，一旦较真，恐怕也是扑朔迷离，难求的解。只是因着心底自以为是的仁爱与逻辑（不妨称为惰性），一代代人才会安于先走后跑的常识，居之不疑。顾氏提倡先作好“完美的断代史”，才能作出“完美的通史”，即是自上世纪初“史学革命”以至今日的常识，作者读者安于故步，居之不疑。然如前论，常识不常，不疑处乃有疑焉。
若依“常识”，则吕思勉撰著通史，应当在先秦、秦汉、两晋南北朝、隋唐五代诸种断代史的研究完成后，方能开展。但是，我们看他的著作系年（以出版年代为断），情形却悖于“常识”：《白话本国史》，1923年；《先秦史》，1941年；《秦汉史》，1947年；《两晋南北朝史》，1948年；《隋唐五代史》，1959年。断代史没作出来，却先写出通史，且提早十几年写出。那么，以“常识”判断，他的通史是否跟“完美”不沾边？是又不然。顾颉刚对民国年间的通史著作多不许可，谓“所有的通史，多属千篇一律，彼此抄袭”，对吕撰通史却青眼有加，赞曰：“以丰富的史识与流畅的笔调来写通史，方为通史写作开了一个新的纪元”。前后矛盾如此。然则，到底是顾氏的“常识”毫不可据，还是吕氏天资特出，不必遵循“常识”？这个是非，不可遽定，勉强要找个说法，则须简介吕氏与“古史辨派”（以顾颉刚为代表）、“史料学派”（以傅斯年为代表）在治学上的异同，看能否理出一点头绪。
其所同者，在于三人都强调“用新方法（或曰科学方法）整理国故”，虽为史家，却不以史学自拘，而不惮鉴用社会学、人类学、考古学、经济学乃至文艺学的研究方法和成果。顾颉刚用神话学、民俗学的方法研究上古史，早成佳话；傅斯年倡言“我们不是读书人”，而应“上穷碧落下黄泉，动手动脚找东西”，以为考古学、语言学张目；吕思勉亦尝曰“社会科学是史学的根基”，“主张中学以下的历史，改授社会学，而以历史为其注脚，到大学以上再行讲授历史”；马列主义初入中国，他即“略有接触”，1929年撰成《中国阶级制度小史》，以“阶级”概念阐释古史，新义纷呈，不仅独步当时，即在时移境变的今日再读，亦饶趣味。
其所异者：顾、傅二人主张较为接近，皆崇尚仄而深的专门研究，注重新史料的运用。吕思勉则追求博通周赡的境界，取材多根于正史，并不刻意征引冷僻史料。自其同者视之，三人都投身于上法乾嘉、旁绍欧陆的“新史学”大潮，皆已超越“相斫书”、“帝王家谱”式的旧史学；自其异者视之，则顾、傅稍嫌沉迷于历史研究的过程（史料与考据），不免忽略了史学不仅考据、史学不是史料的“常识”。与二者相较，吕思勉绝非不善考据者，他甚至算得上考据“发烧友”，但是，他却认识到：“今人之屑屑考证，非顾先生（炎武）不能为，乃顾先生所不欲为也。今人自诩搜辑精博，殊不知此等材料，古人既得之而复弃之者多矣”（《自述》）。顾炎武是考据大家，但他的学问决非考据二字可以限量，他所注意者，在古今学术、制度的迁变转移，以及经世济用诸种大计。吕思勉一生服膺顾炎武，且尝认真考虑过加入政界（作官或作政客）的可能性（1911年），此后虽下定决心做学问，仍“好从发展上推求政治利弊之所以然”，故不以“屑屑考证”为苟安，亦不以“搜辑精博”自喜。
吕思勉第一次将二十四史通读一过，在1908年；开始撰写《白话本国史》，在1920年。其间相距十二年。似可设想，此时虽无他人“分工合作”业已成型的“完美的断代史”，吕思勉的胸中却早有了自己的“断代史”，作为撰述通史的基础。就此而言，吕思勉并未违背顾颉刚设定的标准。进而言之，十余年后，吕思勉开始写作断代史，同时，再写了一部《中国通史》（上册，1940年；下册，1944年），似更证明了顾氏“常识”的可信度。然则，新的矛盾又出现了。究竟是写成于“完美的断代史”之前的《白话本国史》堪称“完美”，还是写成于“完美的断代史”之后的《中国通史》更“完美”？请仍以小儿学走的譬喻进行解释。小儿动作，是走是跑，何必分辨得太清楚？走与跑，自其异者视之，是两种动作；自其同者视之，则是一个方向。同理，研究断代史，固可视作为通史作准备；撰述通史，亦能开拓断代研究的思路。一代之制度、学术、地理诸要务，无不有渊源，有流衍。不说明渊源流衍，则断代史难称“完美”，而欲考究源自何时，流向何处，则非先对通史进行研究不可。历代之制度、学术、地理诸要务，兴废因革，时各不同，欲穷通变化，描述迁变，则非先对各代历史进行研究不可。于是，研究断代史，是为了作通史；作通史，也是为了更好的研究断代史。
犹有说者。通史虽名为通，撰述必出于作者之独断；断代虽言其断，考证仍赖乎史识之贯通。即此言之，顾颉刚之论学标准，吕思勉之治学次序，合则兼美，离则双伤。上师说法，前辈躬行，吾侪后学，正宜从此悟入。严耕望称吕思勉为“通贯的断代史家”，旨哉斯言。
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