谁想做皇帝
曾国藩想不想作皇帝?这是一个问题。想与不想,除了当事者,他人不能探知,以此,可以说这个问题不属于历史研究的范畴。然而,虽在曾氏及同时之人的诗文书信中找不到线索,但有很多笔记小说都谈到这个问题,相关的民间传说也不少,对这些材料进行考察,穷原竟委,仍算是历史研究。
有些传说毫无根据,所谓“小说家言”,一听就是假的。譬如,彭玉麟写个小纸条给国藩,云:“江南半壁江山,老师其有意乎?”国藩大惊失色,即将纸条揉成一团,吞了下去(梁溪坐观老人《清代野记》)。有些传说则出诸曾氏后人,值得认真对待。譬如,国藩幼女纪芬《崇德老人自订年谱》云湘乡工匠称颂国藩,歌曰:“两江总督太细哩,要到南京做皇帝”;又如,罗尔纲认为太平天囯的忠王李秀成是“伪降”,即以国藩的曾外孙女俞大缜转述其母曾广珊的一句话为证:“李秀成劝文正公做皇帝,文正公不敢”(《太平天囯史》卷五十七《李秀成本传考证》)。前者“乃湘乡土人鄙俚无知之词,非出曾氏兄弟意也”(黄濬《花随人圣盦摭忆》),不能作为国藩有称帝之念的证据;后者是曾氏家人代代相传的“口碑”,明说国藩“不敢”,言外之意,似谓国藩对做不做皇帝这个问题还是想过的,因此,罗尔纲说:“可见曾国藩确有要当皇帝的野心,他是‘不敢’,而不是‘不干’”。但是,再仔细一想,由这句话得出国藩确有“野心”的结论,似嫌轻率。平情而论,只能说,迄今并无国藩本人想做皇帝的证据,只有他人劝进的事迹。
或云王闿运亦尝劝进,流传甚广的故事大致如此:闿运进谒国藩,劝他自立,国藩以手指蘸茶水在茶几上写了很多个“荒唐”,随后,国藩因事走开,闿运看见这些字,乃怅然告辞。这也是“小说家言”,但是,较诸前述彭玉麟劝进的故事,有本质的区别,因为,此非向壁虚造之事,而是对可信史料的改编。杨钧是杨度的弟弟,也是闿运的学生,撰有《草堂之灵》,其中有这么一则故事:“湘绮(闿运自号)云,尝与曾文正论事,其时曾坐案前,耳听王言,手执笔写。曾因事出室,湘绮起视所写为何,则满案皆‘谬’字。曾复入,湘绮论事如故,然已知曾不能用,无复入世心矣”。既为闿运亲述,此事当可信;闿运交游甚广,有可能对杨钧以外的人也讲过这个故事。于是,曾、王论事不谐,广为人知,而传闻渐失实,将闿运未曾明言的所论何事,改编成讨论称帝之事。
然而,闿运虽未劝国藩称帝,却尝劝他作另一桩大事。咸丰十一年七月,清文宗病卒,幼子嗣位,以肃顺为首的顾命大臣与恭亲王、慈禧太后形成三足鼎立之势,明争暗斗。闿运以肃顺为知己,乃致书国藩,劝他率军入京,“申明祖制”,与恭亲王及肃顺联手,“亲贤并用,以辅幼主”,从而阻止慈禧的“垂帘听政”。对于这个大胆提议,一贯谨慎的国藩不以为然,故“得书不报”。此后,恭王、慈禧联手干掉肃顺,闿运骤失奥援,且有被列入“肃党”的危险,于是,“太息痛恨于其言之不用”。(王代功《湘绮府君年谱》卷一)。不过,国藩于肃顺之败并非无动于衷,且尝在私人谈话时对僧格林沁将第二次鸦片战争期间天津的败绩诿过于肃顺表示不满,慨叹“天下无真是非”(吴汝纶同治八年三月廿四日记)。
由此可知,国藩“不敢”做皇帝,也无意干预清廷的权力之争,他是一个本分人。但旁人、后人不这么想,总想让他干点破格的事,即便羌无实指,也不妨碍他们津津有味的“意淫”。
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