爱新觉罗福临的邀请函

2008年5月4日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

清廷首次与藏地接触,犹在清太宗皇太极当政的时候,其时,明代统治尚未结束,满洲人正在等待入主中原最合适的时机。而太宗首次给藏地领袖写信,学界通常定为崇德四年(1639)——如迄今为止叙述此事最为详确的邓锐龄撰《清初第五辈达赖喇嘛进京及受封经过》(1996年),就采用这个说法——然据《清初五世达赖喇嘛档案史料选编》(2000年)所译蒙文老档,可知太宗首次致书土伯特汗(清初称藏地为土伯特)实在崇德二年十一月十五日。当时土伯特汗为信奉噶玛噶举派的第悉藏巴,他与格鲁派宗主第五世达赖喇嘛阿旺罗桑嘉措的关系势同水火。崇德七年,达赖喇嘛联络厄鲁特蒙古和硕特部,引军入藏,擒杀第悉藏巴,自此结束了噶玛噶举派近三百年的统治,藏地由格鲁派掌控。太宗为何致书第悉藏巴?因为,此前蒙古诸部连函吁请“迎聘”达赖喇嘛至盛京(今沈阳市),本着“自古历代皇帝创业,佛法未尝断绝”之意,太宗同意邀请,遂有此书。
而蒙古诸部在此时向盟友满洲“大汗”请求迎聘达赖喇嘛,有三个原因。一,自十六世纪,蒙古人大都转奉格鲁派,即“达赖”二字(蒙语“大海”的音译),亦是1578年土默特蒙古俺答汗赠予哲蚌寺转世活佛索南嘉措的尊号,故索南嘉措虽为第三世达赖喇嘛,而第一、二世在生前实无“达赖”的尊称。蒙古向正在崛起的满洲部落推介自家的宗教偶像,是很自然的事。二,其时蒙古正与格鲁派僧侣集团密谋推翻第悉藏巴,将来藏地领袖必有达赖喇嘛的地位,让他早日与清廷接触,可以增进了解。三,喀尔喀蒙古与清廷关系不太融洽,其部领袖与达赖喇嘛私交甚笃,故喀尔喀希望通过达赖喇嘛与清帝晤面,从中说合,改善关系。
自清廷而言,于藏地形势虽未了然,对当时统治者第悉藏巴与达赖喇嘛不合却有耳闻,因此,尽管在原则上同意蒙古诸部迎聘达赖喇嘛,却不能无视第悉藏巴信奉噶举派的事实。于是,太宗仅写信给第悉藏巴,表示尊重佛法、延请高僧之意,而未言及到底邀请哪一派哪一位高僧,亦未专门向达赖喇嘛发送邀请函。直到顺治五年(1648)五月二十日,太宗逝世以後,方由世祖福临致书,“敦请高僧喇嘛来京”。此为“清代自皇太极以来给达赖喇嘛的第一封也是唯一一封邀请信”(李保文撰《顺治皇帝邀请第五世达赖喇嘛考》)。
清廷与藏地政、教领袖首次接触的时日,即如上述。而达赖喇嘛应邀赴京在顺治六年正月,据其自传:“为了不违背皇帝的圣旨,我答应赴京。中原地域辽阔,我担心会染上天花和热病,上书具奏不能久留的原因”,并将启程时间订在“辰年”(即顺治九年)。世祖复书云:“万能金刚达赖喇嘛座前:朕体康安,万能金刚达赖喇嘛尔康安否?得喇嘛上表,言辰年夏进京,甚为喜悦”。达赖喇嘛担心在中原感染“天花和热病”,应属实情。不仅藏人对此抱有普遍的忧虑,满洲人也有同感,亲身见证此次历史性会面的德国传教士汤若望就说过:“如同一切满洲人一般,顺治对于痘症有一种极大的恐惧,因为这病在成人差不多也总是要伤命的”。世祖之“皇父摄政王”多尔衮曾在南苑(即南海子)修筑避痘处所,最终“战痘”失败,染疾亡身。世祖亲政後,亦不在紫禁城长驻而常在南苑避痘,至与达赖喇嘛首次见面,地点也定在南苑。
但是,宾主双方在避染痘症上取得共识,并不意味没有其他原因影响此次会面,甚而不见诸公文的原因才是真实原因。二人年纪有差(会面时,达赖喇嘛三十六岁,世祖十六岁),但皆为政治史所谓伟人者,一旦相遇于揖让进退俱关大局之际,传染病再厉害,亦不得不暂时抛低。苟利国家生死以,岂因祸福避趋之;既得利益者林则徐能讲这句话,最终利益者能不领会、实践这句话?

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