爱新觉罗福临的邀请函

2008年5月4日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

清廷首次与藏地接触，犹在清太宗皇太极当政的时候，其时，明代统治尚未结束，满洲人正在等待入主中原最合适的时机。而太宗首次给藏地领袖写信，学界通常定为崇德四年（1639）——如迄今为止叙述此事最为详确的邓锐龄撰《清初第五辈达赖喇嘛进京及受封经过》（1996年），就采用这个说法——然据《清初五世达赖喇嘛档案史料选编》（2000年）所译蒙文老档，可知太宗首次致书土伯特汗（清初称藏地为土伯特）实在崇德二年十一月十五日。当时土伯特汗为信奉噶玛噶举派的第悉藏巴，他与格鲁派宗主第五世达赖喇嘛阿旺罗桑嘉措的关系势同水火。崇德七年，达赖喇嘛联络厄鲁特蒙古和硕特部，引军入藏，擒杀第悉藏巴，自此结束了噶玛噶举派近三百年的统治，藏地由格鲁派掌控。太宗为何致书第悉藏巴？因为，此前蒙古诸部连函吁请“迎聘”达赖喇嘛至盛京（今沈阳市），本着“自古历代皇帝创业，佛法未尝断绝”之意，太宗同意邀请，遂有此书。
而蒙古诸部在此时向盟友满洲“大汗”请求迎聘达赖喇嘛，有三个原因。一，自十六世纪，蒙古人大都转奉格鲁派，即“达赖”二字（蒙语“大海”的音译），亦是1578年土默特蒙古俺答汗赠予哲蚌寺转世活佛索南嘉措的尊号，故索南嘉措虽为第三世达赖喇嘛，而第一、二世在生前实无“达赖”的尊称。蒙古向正在崛起的满洲部落推介自家的宗教偶像，是很自然的事。二，其时蒙古正与格鲁派僧侣集团密谋推翻第悉藏巴，将来藏地领袖必有达赖喇嘛的地位，让他早日与清廷接触，可以增进了解。三，喀尔喀蒙古与清廷关系不太融洽，其部领袖与达赖喇嘛私交甚笃，故喀尔喀希望通过达赖喇嘛与清帝晤面，从中说合，改善关系。
自清廷而言，于藏地形势虽未了然，对当时统治者第悉藏巴与达赖喇嘛不合却有耳闻，因此，尽管在原则上同意蒙古诸部迎聘达赖喇嘛，却不能无视第悉藏巴信奉噶举派的事实。于是，太宗仅写信给第悉藏巴，表示尊重佛法、延请高僧之意，而未言及到底邀请哪一派哪一位高僧，亦未专门向达赖喇嘛发送邀请函。直到顺治五年（1648）五月二十日，太宗逝世以後，方由世祖福临致书，“敦请高僧喇嘛来京”。此为“清代自皇太极以来给达赖喇嘛的第一封也是唯一一封邀请信”（李保文撰《顺治皇帝邀请第五世达赖喇嘛考》）。
清廷与藏地政、教领袖首次接触的时日，即如上述。而达赖喇嘛应邀赴京在顺治六年正月，据其自传：“为了不违背皇帝的圣旨，我答应赴京。中原地域辽阔，我担心会染上天花和热病，上书具奏不能久留的原因”，并将启程时间订在“辰年”（即顺治九年）。世祖复书云：“万能金刚达赖喇嘛座前：朕体康安，万能金刚达赖喇嘛尔康安否？得喇嘛上表，言辰年夏进京，甚为喜悦”。达赖喇嘛担心在中原感染“天花和热病”，应属实情。不仅藏人对此抱有普遍的忧虑，满洲人也有同感，亲身见证此次历史性会面的德国传教士汤若望就说过：“如同一切满洲人一般，顺治对于痘症有一种极大的恐惧，因为这病在成人差不多也总是要伤命的”。世祖之“皇父摄政王”多尔衮曾在南苑（即南海子）修筑避痘处所，最终“战痘”失败，染疾亡身。世祖亲政後，亦不在紫禁城长驻而常在南苑避痘，至与达赖喇嘛首次见面，地点也定在南苑。
但是，宾主双方在避染痘症上取得共识，并不意味没有其他原因影响此次会面，甚而不见诸公文的原因才是真实原因。二人年纪有差（会面时，达赖喇嘛三十六岁，世祖十六岁），但皆为政治史所谓伟人者，一旦相遇于揖让进退俱关大局之际，传染病再厉害，亦不得不暂时抛低。苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之；既得利益者林则徐能讲这句话，最终利益者能不领会、实践这句话？

发表评论
  1. ugg josette bow
    2014年2月20日12:26
    引用 | #1

    It’s not my first time to pay a visit this web site, i am visiting this web site dailly and get pleasant facts 日知其所亡 » 爱新觉罗福临的邀请函 from here daily.
    ugg josette bow

  2. doudoune canada goose
    2014年2月20日12:55
    引用 | #2

    Unbeaten Higley is originating away from a good make an impression on Prickly pear Shadows with a missed discipline aim, but now factors receive unpleasant using a vacation to California king Stream. Highland and Campo Verde sq out of within a cross-division struggle with who’ll report 17 points initially. Comparable to Wasteland Huge batch, Chandler has numerous self-help make an effort to try this week ahead of likely over to Laveen Cesar Chavez. [url=http://www.celinesbag.net/clasp-c-3.html]celine outlet[/url]
    Post printed about Thursday, Present cards. Being unfaithful, 2014 spaccio woolrich bologna
    Sad to say, we start to use these individuals. Our system of government is ideal for precisely what are referred to “energetic” political personalities. These are generally men and women in whose egos are sufficiently strong enough running to get office environment and try to oversee this kind of awkward, nevertheless the very best, way of government we work with. moncler jacken
    community, high usually are some others in whose identification is best definitely not ugg outlet
    Completely new jobs

  3. moncler outlet wien
    2014年2月20日16:50
    引用 | #3

    Teodor Currentzis The wedding ofFigaro [url=http://www.ors-auvergne.org/license.php?p=canada-goose-pas]canada goose pas cher[/url]
    Even though the Silver precious metal Eagles’ months are around, Melvin’s profession is just not. A couple weeks ago, he devoted to play from Harford Community College inside Bel Fresh air, Physician. Your Battling Owls complete his or her period placed Zero. Several within the National Younger College or university Particular sports Affiliation. moncler
    FSU alumni Jamie Matthews, Twenty two, in addition to Jorge Riano, Twenty eight, decided along with Jean and also said people organized to view the game inside Midtown, regardless of whether this suitable getting outdoors for several a long time with freezing temperature ranges. [url=http://www.adonim.de/links.php?p=moncler-daunenjacke-moncler]moncler daunenjacke[/url]
    Kenneth Baitsholts [url=http://www.picketreport.com/links.php?p=wholesale-gucci-belts]wholesale gucci belts[/url]
    about the Longmont Community Archives bulletin boards, 409 4th Avenue., se along with western entryways

  4. mcm リュック
    2014年2月20日20:16
    引用 | #4

    大胆な口そうエレガントシャイニーコートに関する知人として

  5. Coach Outlet Online
    2014年2月20日22:53
    引用 | #5
  6. michael kors factory outlet
    2014年2月21日09:31
    引用 | #6
  7. Lebron 11
    2014年2月22日11:46
    引用 | #7

    [url=http://www.coloradosports.org/]Coach Factory Outlet[/url] uue [url=http://www.franciacorta.us/]Coach Factory Online[/url] tyvd [url=http://www.smithsolutions.com/]Coach Outlet[/url] rkz [url=http://heritagenyc.org/]Coach Factory Outlet[/url] Sdv [url=http://www.outdoorwebconnections.com/]Coach Factory Outlet[/url] trk [url=http://www.offshore-chicago.com/]coach wallets[/url] piz [url=http://www.jancoltd.com/]Coach Handbags[/url] awk [url=http://www.neilmshoes.com/collections.asp]Coach Factory Outlet Online[/url] ode [url=http://grasslakepizzatime.com/]Coach Purses[/url] uevd [url=http://www.rwchapman.com/]Coach Factory[/url] iuv [url=http://www.nvwg.cap.gov/]Coach Outlet Online[/url] rdz [url=http://www.mdtracker.net/]Coach Purses[/url] rqvd [url=http://sproutmarketing.com/]Coach Factory Outlet Online[/url] Ffdz [url=http://www.braingiants.com/]Coach Bags[/url] utk [url=http://www.thechurchonthewaytx.org/]Coach Factory Online[/url] wdk [url=http://www.tbhorse.com/]Coach Outlet[/url] iie [url=http://bakercandies.com/]Coach Factory Outlet[/url] oie [url=http://mid-illinoisconcrete.com/]Coach Factory Outlet[/url] piv [url=http://www.producersedgemagazine.com/]Coach Factory[/url] pqv [url=http://urbandesignpodcast.com/]Coach Handbags[/url] wde [url=http://www.microbuspub.com/]Coach Outlet[/url] Wrv [url=http://www.wrightlawgroup.com/]Coach USA[/url] wfde [url=http://www.creightonphoto.com/]Coach Outlet Online[/url] wde [url=http://www.nslittleleague.com/]Cool Grey 10s[/url] odz [url=http://www.iliastech.com/]Infrared 10s[/url] iyk
    Lebron 11

  8. lunettes de vue ray ban
    2014年2月22日13:06
    引用 | #8

    Sunshine Region 3.2% woolrich outlet
    Under the brand new coverage, the two a long time include online for entertainment, which includes Fb, Twitting, Tv set and films; on the net homework is really an different. [url=http://www.ugges.us/bailey-button-c-1_7/]ugg outlet[/url]
    Wed, Twenty-five December The year 2013 16:10:10 +0000 Moncler Bambini
    Well Re-size moncler outlet
    Sad to say, close to 40 stuck passengers — venturing about the On the soon after Christmas — weren’t therefore blessed.

  9. longchamp pas cher
    2014年2月22日13:09
    引用 | #9

    That is certainly not only a minor achievements. The show biz industry has become enamored together with the Bay Place’s computer group for quite a while at this point, and also for the greater degree, this tech folks were not fascinated with what ends through to screen. “Silicon Valley” just might be the initial demonstrate that not just brings in laughs from the vast viewers, but a majority of solid expert cred, as well. [url=http://www.verlustfahnder.at/moncler-jacke-damen/]moncler jacke damen[/url]
    Font ResizeSports bermuda: Sunnyvale Local area Very little Group walk-in subscription February. Eleven [url=http://www.gogranada.co.uk/barbour-factory-outlet/]barbour factory outlet[/url]
    “We needed to think about improved venture with the area,In . Beres reported. “Hopefully, just what we now have commenced will keep.” moncler
    August. 13-22: Cindy Starry’s Some sort of Creature of the night Tale VIII [url=http://www.ichimpuls.de/moncler-online-shop/]moncler online shop[/url]
    And then, elements received interesting. doudoune femme moncler
    Relish: Is it possible to let you know how you?ve produced jelly progresses in the past? Could you go walking united states with the course of action for your fundamental cake? moncler jacke herren
    829 T BUDMOORE TERR 85705

  10. Coach Outlet Online
    2014年2月22日14:05
    引用 | #10
评论分页
本文的评论功能被关闭了.