流星与彩虹

2008年5月11日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

顺治九年八月上旬，五世达赖喇嘛在蒙古乌尔肯希巴立台地方的行营主持了三场法会，祈求“断除凶神恶煞的热力”——主要指汉地痘症的威胁，然而，他仍未确信施法的效果，故向清世祖提出，“因内地疾疫甚多”，可否将觐见地由首都改为归化城（今呼和浩特）或者代噶（在今内蒙凉城县）。此书寄至北京，引发清廷满汉大臣间的一场大讨论。
九月初三日，世祖召集王公大臣，向他们介绍达赖喇嘛改地相见的建议，说自己准备接受这条建议，“亲至边外（即代噶）迎之”。这么做，有三个原因。一是经济，“今年岁收甚歉，喇嘛从者又众（约三千人）”，若在京招待，不免花费太多，而在蒙古地方设请，不妨因陋就简，节约一点银两。其时当清代开国之初，百废待举，征战未息，遇事虑及银钱，是当然的道理；兼之历代开国之主大皆从艰难困苦中奋斗而出，保有简朴的习惯，世祖虽是少年皇帝，对此亦有体会。一是礼貌，“我既招之来，又不往迎，必至中途而返”。此亦与其时国家草创尚来不及详订礼仪细节有关，若在乾隆朝，则皇帝与各路人马相见，具有定制，不必每事一议矣。一是政治，世祖担心怠慢了达赖喇嘛，“恐喀尔喀亦因之不来归顺”。世祖提出三条意见，命王大臣们讨论。
会议诸人大致分作满、汉二派。满臣一致认为，从前咱们这边发出邀请，达赖喇嘛没怎么拿架子，即依约而来，那么，他有诚意，皇帝也应该表示诚意，故亲至代噶迎接为是。至于接待费用问题。相见後，若达赖喇嘛愿在蒙古地方会谈，咱们就在那儿谈，这可以节约钱；愿意入京来谈，则“令少带随从入内”，也可以节约钱。而顺了达赖喇嘛的意，喀尔喀必“亦从之来归”。如此，礼尚往来，宾主双方不单有面子，还有里子，多好。
汉臣不同意。他们说，皇帝为“天下国家之主，不当往迎”，这没什么好商量的，故只能委托某亲王“代迎”。其次，即使达赖喇嘛愿意入京，而从者甚众，招待起来要费一大笔银子，故“不可令入内地”，只能住在边外，由朝廷赏赐一些银物，略致敬意而已。
两派意见格格不入，世祖犯了难，末了，他说：“朕当裁之”；宣布退朝。
达赖喇嘛渐行渐近，这事到底怎么办，可不能总拖。九月二十九日，决定出来了。据大学士洪承畴、陈之遴奏，昨日，“太白星与日争光，流星入紫微宫”，实在不是好兆头。而在人间，则南旱北涝，饥民闹事，寇盗渐多，也不是好年景。因此，此时决不是“圣躬远幸之时”。用俗话说，此奏有点危言耸听的意思。不论世祖闻奏心内如何想法，他的批谕是：“甚是，朕行即停止”。嗣又致书达赖喇嘛，谓“国家重务难以轻置，是以不能亲迎，特遣和硕承泽亲王及内大臣代迎”。
十一月二十一日，达赖喇嘛在代噶接到这封最新的圣旨。同时，自京来此的钦差告诉他，“若大队随从相伴（入京），则会延缓，而且从人恐会染病，所以要我将大部分随从留在代噶，只带三百人，轻装进京”。其後两天，他看见“前所未见的彩虹的光辉笼罩着行宫（清廷专为达赖喇嘛所建）”，“四周也可见到许多奇异的弧形长虹”，自觉“吉凶难测”。然而，事势至此，已不暇论吉凶——尽管日後当同样的天象在西藏出现时，“它给达官贵人预示了死亡的降临”——“按照皇帝旨意，我们即在二十七日启程”。
如此看来，两位领袖，虽有政教之异，年辈之差，在临见面的一刻，却同时从天象得到了或明或暗的启示。只是，除了天象，还有没有别的因缘呢？

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