流星与彩虹
顺治九年八月上旬,五世达赖喇嘛在蒙古乌尔肯希巴立台地方的行营主持了三场法会,祈求“断除凶神恶煞的热力”——主要指汉地痘症的威胁,然而,他仍未确信施法的效果,故向清世祖提出,“因内地疾疫甚多”,可否将觐见地由首都改为归化城(今呼和浩特)或者代噶(在今内蒙凉城县)。此书寄至北京,引发清廷满汉大臣间的一场大讨论。
九月初三日,世祖召集王公大臣,向他们介绍达赖喇嘛改地相见的建议,说自己准备接受这条建议,“亲至边外(即代噶)迎之”。这么做,有三个原因。一是经济,“今年岁收甚歉,喇嘛从者又众(约三千人)”,若在京招待,不免花费太多,而在蒙古地方设请,不妨因陋就简,节约一点银两。其时当清代开国之初,百废待举,征战未息,遇事虑及银钱,是当然的道理;兼之历代开国之主大皆从艰难困苦中奋斗而出,保有简朴的习惯,世祖虽是少年皇帝,对此亦有体会。一是礼貌,“我既招之来,又不往迎,必至中途而返”。此亦与其时国家草创尚来不及详订礼仪细节有关,若在乾隆朝,则皇帝与各路人马相见,具有定制,不必每事一议矣。一是政治,世祖担心怠慢了达赖喇嘛,“恐喀尔喀亦因之不来归顺”。世祖提出三条意见,命王大臣们讨论。
会议诸人大致分作满、汉二派。满臣一致认为,从前咱们这边发出邀请,达赖喇嘛没怎么拿架子,即依约而来,那么,他有诚意,皇帝也应该表示诚意,故亲至代噶迎接为是。至于接待费用问题。相见後,若达赖喇嘛愿在蒙古地方会谈,咱们就在那儿谈,这可以节约钱;愿意入京来谈,则“令少带随从入内”,也可以节约钱。而顺了达赖喇嘛的意,喀尔喀必“亦从之来归”。如此,礼尚往来,宾主双方不单有面子,还有里子,多好。
汉臣不同意。他们说,皇帝为“天下国家之主,不当往迎”,这没什么好商量的,故只能委托某亲王“代迎”。其次,即使达赖喇嘛愿意入京,而从者甚众,招待起来要费一大笔银子,故“不可令入内地”,只能住在边外,由朝廷赏赐一些银物,略致敬意而已。
两派意见格格不入,世祖犯了难,末了,他说:“朕当裁之”;宣布退朝。
达赖喇嘛渐行渐近,这事到底怎么办,可不能总拖。九月二十九日,决定出来了。据大学士洪承畴、陈之遴奏,昨日,“太白星与日争光,流星入紫微宫”,实在不是好兆头。而在人间,则南旱北涝,饥民闹事,寇盗渐多,也不是好年景。因此,此时决不是“圣躬远幸之时”。用俗话说,此奏有点危言耸听的意思。不论世祖闻奏心内如何想法,他的批谕是:“甚是,朕行即停止”。嗣又致书达赖喇嘛,谓“国家重务难以轻置,是以不能亲迎,特遣和硕承泽亲王及内大臣代迎”。
十一月二十一日,达赖喇嘛在代噶接到这封最新的圣旨。同时,自京来此的钦差告诉他,“若大队随从相伴(入京),则会延缓,而且从人恐会染病,所以要我将大部分随从留在代噶,只带三百人,轻装进京”。其後两天,他看见“前所未见的彩虹的光辉笼罩着行宫(清廷专为达赖喇嘛所建)”,“四周也可见到许多奇异的弧形长虹”,自觉“吉凶难测”。然而,事势至此,已不暇论吉凶——尽管日後当同样的天象在西藏出现时,“它给达官贵人预示了死亡的降临”——“按照皇帝旨意,我们即在二十七日启程”。
如此看来,两位领袖,虽有政教之异,年辈之差,在临见面的一刻,却同时从天象得到了或明或暗的启示。只是,除了天象,还有没有别的因缘呢?
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