失态的谈话
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自1895年3月20日,李鸿章作为大清国钦差头等全权大臣,与日本国内阁总理大臣伊藤博文、外务大臣陆奥宗光在日本马关春帆楼进行了五次谈判,至4月17日,双方签订条约,为甲午战争划下句号。条约主要内容为:清廷承认朝鲜为独立国家;清廷将辽东与台湾割与日本;清廷向日本赔偿二亿两军费。
毫无疑问,这是丧权辱国的条约。但是,自清末以来,有一种意见,将主持谈判的李鸿章视为丧权辱国的汉奸,并非公允的判断。他与伊藤、陆奥的谈话内容,俱载《马关议和中之伊李问答》,可以看出,他身处十分尴尬的地位,仍与对方反复辩难,不愿放弃任何“争得一分有一分之益”的机会,作为谈判者来说,决非渎职。而与他谈判的对手,亦能体谅他的苦衷,陆奥回忆当时情景,说:“他不像古稀以上的老翁(时年七十三岁),身躯魁伟,语言爽朗,我觉得曾国藩说他的仪表谈吐足以服人这句话,诚非虚言。不过此次使命却使他完全立于不利的地位”(《蹇蹇录》);诚然,再如何德高望重,再如何谈吐不俗,面对城下之盟,除了屈服更无别的应手。
日方开列割地赔款的清单,表面上允许清方代表商议,实则不容商议。选项只有两个:同意,则签约停战;不同意,则续行侵略。而清方“最有效的讨价还价筹码不是它所剩下的陆海军力量,而是一个日本狂热分子对李鸿章的伤害而使日本人感到的内疚”(《剑桥中国晚清史》)。然而,这个“筹码”——3月24日,李鸿章被日本人小山丰太郎开枪击中左颧——的分量并不重,只是促成日方宣布停战二十一日而已,对于合约条款的修订则毫无效用。其时,李鸿章之子经方随父赴日,在其父受创后致电总理衙门,云:“中堂(谓鸿章)不幸,大清举国之大幸,此后和款必易商办”;今日看来,真是一句极具讽刺性的梦呓。
五次谈话,以最后一次的篇幅为最长,然而所谈皆是琐细。陆奥说,“(鸿章)从没有像今天这样不惜费尽唇舌进行辩论”,但是,他知道大局已定,日方提出的条件必须全盘接受,“所以在本日的会谈中只是在枝节问题上斤斤计较不已”,甚至“向伊藤全权哀求,以此少许之减额(二千万两)赠作归国的旅费。此种举动,从他的地位来说,不无失态”。
其实,早在甲午战争以前,李鸿章即已“失态”。当时,清廷有所谓“清流”言官,专与“浊流”领袖李鸿章作对;而把持户部的翁同龢则以私人恩怨,时刻为难李鸿章;李鸿章建设北洋海军,便处处掣肘。及至临战,“明知北洋一隅之力不敌日本一国之力,且一切皆未预备,何能出师”(《秋浦周尚书自订年谱》)?不战,是汉奸;战败求和,亦是汉奸。对此,李鸿章纵有天大本事,也只能“失态”。
当然,失态的人绝不仅一个李鸿章,失态的时代也绝不仅一个晚清。即如当时战胜的日本,日后战败,亦不免失态。作为读史者,不妨体谅昔人所以失态之故,而尽量杜绝未来失态之因。
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