发现六年前旧文一篇

2004年10月24日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

政论文也。印象中，几乎没写过这类文章。此文可证，鄙人亦尝忧国忧民，呵呵。
論 禁 私
孟森《清史講義》論道光鹽政曰：
“考唐以前榷鹽之法偶行輒罷，不為經制。劉晏以善理鹽筴著名，置十三巡院以捕私，私之名始見於史。繼晏者更累加鹽賦，而私之利益厚。積私販為梟盜。而為他劫掠之盜，民必仇之，助官蹤跡除患；為梟道則與國爭利，無累於民，民反得廉價購鹽之益，故不加嫉視，或反陰庇之。至秕政更多，善良失業，倚盜為生者益多，則大亂成矣。黃巢之亡唐，張士誠、方國珍之亡元，皆最著之鹽梟。明之倭寇，清之海盜，倚海為巢，即依鹽以活。官鹽價平，制私鹽無利而梟自散，無所用其捕也。以捕勝私，則為盜練抵抗之力，使由小盜為大盜而已矣。”
案“與國爭利，無累於民”，足盡今日所謂“走私”情事。走私者惟逃海關稅，其貨物倍廉於完稅而售者；民無累焉，翻獲實惠，故人人樂購走私之物。政府嚴禁而終不能止者，販者與買者俱得益也。然則何必禁私？儻曰於民有百利而無一弊者，即當順應民意引為成法而施行之，何以於走私則必欲違天下之意而禁之？論者咸曰：“逃關稅，害國利也。”關稅固為國利之一種，然關稅之額，倍蓰貨值，其為利不亦泰甚乎！此亦所以不克入世，暫置不論。論者猶有辭焉：“今日關稅固重，然非此不足保全民族工業。俟國內企業提升效率，能以同等成本生產外國之同質產品，庶幾減稅，庶幾毋庸禁私。”余曰：“怪哉斯言！且無論當代科技日新又新，吾國落後以久，欲求同成本同質量，五十年內尚不保可行；夫惟小民生計艱難，有何責任有何義務擔此重負？此不啻苛稅也。”論者尤未已，曰：“當以愛國之心為心，無計較個人得失，與政府共度時艱，共赴美好未來。”余曰：“此誆語也。小民固不需如此方謂愛國也。愛國者，當以柄國者愛其民為先導，民然後愛之；虐民而求民愛之，未之有也。高關稅，實加賦於民也；加賦，即虐民也。走私者，逃關稅，實則減賦於民；減賦，則惠民也。今虐民者責惠民者為非法，而禁止之，是終不欲愛民而惠民也。轉以愛國之名諭之，是又愚民也。虐而愚之，民樂而從之，未之有也。”

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