野史正——奇人钱江

2006年12月17日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

粤人黄世仲化名“禺山世次郎”（禺者，黄为番禺人；次郎者，仲也）撰《洪秀全演义》，是一部奇书。此书自光绪三十一年在报纸连载，其时，清廷仍有六年之命；而书首诗云：“汉家正统自英雄，百战如何转眼空？凭吊金陵天子气，啼痕犹洒杜鹃红”；既曰“汉家正统”，则谓满人统治无合法性，既曰“金陵天子”，则谓太平天囯不得谥为逆贼。于是，在时人看来，这端是一首“反诗”，其书则为“禁书”，作者则是“乱臣贼子”。然黄氏是同盟会员，又是新闻界才子，思想前卫，笔力雄健，正欲以此书做匕首、投枪，正欲做一个“乱臣贼子”也。只是，他求仁得仁，乐得做“贼”也就罢了，却将钱江拖上“贼船”，未免做人不厚道。
钱江，字东平，浙江长兴人。他是近代史上一个奇人。他有四奇：一奇，咸丰三年，他以监生入幕，协助雷以諴创订厘金制度（简单的说，就是商业税），资助军饷，镇压太平军；史称“厘祖”。此一制度延续至清末方被革除，而余风不歇，直到民国仍被各地军阀用为敛财之具；实在是中国财政史上一桩大事。其事载于多书，早成定论，惟周育民撰《关于清代厘金创始的考订》（《清史研究》2006年8月），力翻旧案，谓经核对时事，钱江不可能为雷氏定策，言亦有据；以不关本文大旨，暂不赘论。二奇，不多久，钱江就被东家办了个就地正法，一命呜呼。据雷氏奏摺：钱在军中，“交接贤豪”，以养其望；“招延勇士”，以收其威。还做了一首谶，云：“满地红樱子，须防白帽来。若要此河开，必须刘基才”；极有“谋逆”的气象，故不得不先行正法，以消患于未萌。谶语诡怪不可解，但有“刘基”（刘伯温）字样，不由让人想到烧饼歌的故事，更想到钱江于道光末年曾接触“太谷教”的故事（张曜《山东军兴纪略》卷二十一）。所谓“太谷教”，杂糅儒、释、道，自成一派，不立文字，聚众隐修于山东黄崖山。同治五年，全教被官兵当作“邪教”剿灭，万人同时遇难，史称“黄崖教案”。钱江是否入教，不可考；但他天赋“长身瘦面，手垂过膝”的“异像”（施补华《钱江传》），平日不事生产，好谈大略，兼喜图谶，这就为他的第三奇——成为太平天囯金牌师爷——设定了一个易于理解的背景。《洪秀全演义》中的钱江，依作者之意，直可比做诸葛亮，而与冯云山（拟徐庶）、李秀成（拟姜维）鼎足而三，成为天王（拟刘备）的心腹臂膂。限于篇幅，不能转述书中内容，且看回目：一曰“钱东平大败曾国藩”，一曰“钱江独进《兴王策》”，一曰“钱东平挥泪送翼王”，简直就是以《水浒传》笔法写一部《三国演义》，看官却道奇也不奇？只是，奇则奇矣，奈何失真。罗尔纲撰《钱江考》，揭破《演义》及《满清野史》等笔记小说伪造钱江“革命史”的骗局，铁证如山。奇人不奇矣。
但是，钱江还有第四奇——他没有死在雷以諴的刀下，而是虎口逃生，亡命江淮间，后至上海；同治年间，以儿子殉节，受六品封衔；光绪十六年，以高年积德，被学政授以“里闬仪型”之匾；最终，于宣统元年老死于江苏清江普应寺，享年九十六。陈光贻据《长兴县学文牍》及孙德祖《寄龛诗质》、《杂记》撰成《再谈钱江》（《长兴文史资料》第三辑），证据确凿，将业经众多史家众口一词定下的“铁案”翻了个边。此不仅为乡贤白其冤，更令吾辈知道征文考献之难，知人论世之不易。功莫大焉。

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