祝 由 科
乾隆二十一年某日,军机章京赵翼与陈辉祖在圆明园值班室“手搏相戏”。赵翼力气小,斗他不过,乃抄起一张板凳,闭目乱舞,咣的一声,正中陈辉祖的唇吻,当即血流满面,倒地昏厥。这可把赵翼吓坏了,折腾一气,好歹把他弄醒,叫车将他送回家。迨至下班,赵翼飞马入城,去探他的伤情。行到中途,胯下马陡然人立,将赵翼摔下,晕死半刻钟才苏醒。次日,赵翼去陈家慰问,二人相见,他大吃一惊:陈辉祖不仅行动自如,连伤口也不见了。经多方打听,赵翼才明白此中奥妙,原来,他跌跤是因为陈辉祖下了咒,所谓“祝由科能以伤移于人也”(赵翼《檐曝杂记》卷四)。
祝由科,自元代即列入太医院十三科。祝由二字,最早见于医书《素问》(成书年代或说为汉、晋间,或说唐初),谓上古之人治病,不用打针服药,只要移易精神、变换气质,请人施展祝由之术,即可搞定。只是,祝由术到底是一种怎样的法术?文献无征,师承早断,后来的人都说不明白。宋代王安石考证,《周礼》(成书年代约在战国)中“祝药劀杀”之“祝”,就是祝由。他说:“后世有以气封疡(即疮)而徙之者,盖变气、祝由之遗法也。祝之不胜,然后举药,药之不胜然后劀,劀之不胜然后杀”(《周官新义》卷四);此谓治疗各种疡症(肿疡、溃疡、金疡、折疡),先用祝由术,不行再敷药、服药,再不行则动手术。
只是,王安石说“以气封疡而徙之”即祝由,与赵翼亲身尝试“以伤移于人”的祝由,是不是一回事呢?王安石说“徙之”,是说将疡移走,没具体说移到哪儿;赵翼则明白说,是移到他人身上。前者是医术,后者是巫术,两人能说到一块儿么?当代学者李零将古代的巫术分为十六类,“以伤移于人”的巫术不是祝由,而是独成一类,如《封禅书》所谓“秘祝移过(祸)之法”。祝由,则不过“祷告鬼神”为人治病而已(《先秦两汉文字史料中的“巫”》)。清代名医徐大椿也说:“(祝由)古法今已不传。近所传符咒之术,间有小效,而病之大者,全不见功”(《医学源流论》卷下)。可见,王、赵所说是两回事。不过,王、赵两种版本虽有善恶之别,皆系巫术,其实大同小异。
又有一种传说,谓祝由其实是一个人,是湘西辰州(即今沅陵)人,他的法术并未失传,即后世所谓“辰州术”(许奉恩《里乘》卷三)。此术神通广大,妙手回春不用说,还能起死回生,即有名的“赶尸”也靠这门法术来操控。近代以来,信者颇众,大学者钱穆即其中一员。据其自述,少年时曾目睹其事,谓,某人腿肿,求巫师治病,巫师在墙上画了几道,然后持刀划壁,即有鲜血从壁上流出,及血流尽,患者腿肿亦登时消除。他不禁感叹:“其理为人所不知,却不得谓之是邪术”(《略论中国心理学》)。然而,大作家沈从文虽是祝由的“老乡”,却不信这个邪。他回乡采访一个著名巫师,探问“赶尸”口诀,其人答曰:“不希奇,不过是念文天祥的《正气歌》”。又请他随意表演,其人则推托,说:“功夫不练就不灵,早丢下了”。盘桓半日,不得要领。然而,沈从文似从巫师“服尔泰风格的微笑”看破了玄机:“为了一种流行多年的荒唐传说,充满了好奇心来拜访一个熟透人生的人,问他死了的人用什么方法赶上路,在他饱经世故的眼中,你和疯子的行径有多少不同?”(《沅陵的人》)
沈从文说的自有道理,而赵翼、钱穆的自述也能打动人,且世人秉性多少有点“疯”的成分,然则信与不信之间,是非究竟如何,实在难言。
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