写在状纸边上·和谐三抢

2008年2月16日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

何魁说：“进城接防，让兄弟们逍遥三天，抢钱抢粮抢娘们”；按诸清代事实，此语无字无来历，并非虚造。
先说“三抢”。当明代末年，满洲部落犹未入关，迫于生计，羡慕繁华，则时不时往关内走一遭，打一枪换个地儿，抢了就跑。所抢者，正是钱粮与娘们。只是，与电影中强奸民女不同的是，彼时“抢娘们”，不仅为了满足性欲，而具有“抢掠婚”（marriage by capture）的意味。这是早期满洲的民俗，後以入主中原，寖染文明，经诏谕劝禁，此风才渐渐消失。然而，直至乾隆朝，仍然发生了满洲士兵在新疆“掠获妇女”的“丑闻”，惹得清高宗龙颜大怒，痛斥同胞的野蛮。至于出征作战，以“抢”字相号召，满洲并不忌讳，譬如，往蒙古境内摽掠，叫做“抢西边”，往明国境内，则称“抢昌平”。当时有汉族读书人在满洲做官的，对此大摇其头，叹云：“夫‘抢’之一字，岂可以为名乎！”其实，不论如何“正名”，凡是征讨战伐之事，“抢”字必在其中。这不是蛮族的陋行，而是文明的尴尬。不施“抢”字，便谓名正言顺心安理得，不过是自欺欺人，至于羞答答将“娘们”换成“地盘”，则适足自欺而未能欺人，直为掩耳盗铃的钝贼行径，更是落了下乘。
但是，“魁字营”并非旗营，凭那条规矩可以“抢”呢？答曰：“逍遥三天”，即是规矩。克城後，纵兵掠杀，不受军法管制，几乎是旧时军队的惯例。清人蔡寿祺《蓉城偶笔》盛赞咸丰年间某将军执法严明，说他攻克荣昌（今隶重庆）後，下令“弛禁三日；三日後有犯令者，立正军法”。按，“弛禁三日”，正是“逍遥三天”。湘军入南京，“克复後搜杀三日”（曾国藩奏摺中语），也正是“逍遥三天”。及至民国二年，张勋“辫军”攻入南京，亦遵陈例，纵兵大掠，当时报纸哄传其军连着“抢”了十天，即有军官出来“叫屈”“辟谣”，说：“安有十日？仅三日，即出告示禁止矣”。这也是“逍遥三天”的注脚。
然而，虽系惯例，却无明令。也就是说，没有那位统帅会“出告示”鼓励将士去“抢钱抢粮抢娘们”。这是军队内部的默契，不足为外人道也。因此，有些真傻或是装傻（此类极多）的文人，便会以此为借口，替这种野蛮行径作辩护，譬如，李元度即云：“湘军克金陵（南京），救民水火中，断无杀掠平民之令。而当苍黄扰攘时，主兵者耳目有未周，（士卒）乘机淫掠，亦势难尽免”（《书江南黄烈女事》）；所谓“断无杀掠平民之令”，说的没错，但是，为“主兵者”（统帅，谓曾国荃）开脱纵兵“淫掠”的罪行，则是大谬。
有趣的是，电影借庞青雲这个角色为我们塑造了一个旧军官的新形象。当士兵在克城後强奸民女，青雲下令就地正法。二虎上前劝解，谓“逍遥三天”的“嘉年华”犹未结束，青雲乃说：“如果我作主，这种事就决不能再发生”；仍执前命，杀无赦。按，编导设置这个情节，是为了揭露庞青雲“伪君子”的面目，此不赘。就事论事，不得不说，青雲此举实在是“反人性”、“反历史”的行为。因为，对于传统中国的军人来说，人性就是统帅的“一将功成万骨枯”，就是士兵的“抢钱抢粮抢娘们”，就是军属欲说还休的“悔教夫婿觅封侯”。在历史上，湘军、淮军的士兵，尽管出身多为“朴质农夫”，但是，一旦从军，莫不“以利为义”，其他大道理是听不进的。既拼着性命攻克了城池，谁敢剥夺他们“弛禁三日”的权利，谁就是他们的敌人。统帅如庞青雲者，若果出此，则军营“哗变”，立马可待。
大人先生们抢功名，抢天下，抢不朽。乱世小兵，抢点银子，抢个女人。各抢各的，这才和谐。庞青雲许自己抢不许别人抢，不厚道。

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