写在状纸边上·发饷

2008年3月10日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

克复南京之後，赵二虎不顾庞青雲的阻挠，执意向士兵发放军饷。青雲说：“私分朝廷军饷是重罪”；二虎则云：“我们进了南京之後，有一半是军饷”。随後，一边发饷，一边有人高声报数，云：“张文方，五两；王小三，三两四钱……”。
按，顾名思义，既称军饷，即谓供给军队的粮食与现金，其中就包括发给士兵的薪俸。一般来说，晚清湘军、淮军等勇营的士兵薪俸，包括按月计酬的“月银”，立功受赏的“奖费”，以及退役复员之际发放的“盘川”（即遣散费）。二虎在克城後给士兵发钱，实在是极正当的事情，何来“私分朝廷军饷”的指责呢？也许，编剧想藉此表达，青雲吝饷是为了能向中央上缴更多的银钱，从而换取朝廷对他的好感。然而，士兵上沙场博命，目的只是功名与利禄；惟能立大功者不多，那么，为一般士兵所注意者就只剩一个利字。于是，文官也好，武将也好，哪怕是皇帝本人，不论是谁，皆不愿更不敢对士兵吝惜。战胜，没得说，要发饷，即使战败，也得发饷。舍不得？那就等着看军队由“饷溃”而兵变的好戏吧。
至于二虎说：“进了南京之後，有一半是军饷”；大概是说军队在南京城内抢得财物，一半上缴中央，一半自用。此亦不符事实。同治三年，湘军入南京，统帅曾国藩即写了一分调查报告，说，本已做好打算，“城破之日，查封贼库，所得财物，多则进奉户部，少则留充军饷，酌济难民”。但是，及入城，并未发现大宗财宝，前此纷传城内“金银如海，百货充盈”，根本是谣言。因此，湘军无法向朝廷上缴“贼赃”，用以补贴国家多年用兵造成的财政亏损。奏入，朝廷对此表示高度谅解，批谕：“逆掳金银，朝廷本不必利其所有”；也就是说，能打胜仗就成，银子不是问题。
当然，朝野各方对湘军是否发了横财的质疑，并不因一纸诏书而解消，即至今日，仍有人认为湘军在南京大捞了一笔，尤其曾氏兄弟，竟以此“暴富”。其实，综合分析当时公私史料，我们可以计算曾家的财产，决非“暴富”；南京城内，亦确无太平天囯遗留的“圣库”巨资（可参考拙撰《曾九暴富传说》）。然而，攻入南京的湘军将士绝非一无所得。他们洗劫了南京，人人皆有斩获，这是毫无疑问的。且不仅湘军，还有淮军，都在克城後进行洗劫；又不仅南京，被洗劫的城市还有九江、安庆、苏州、杭州、湖州……。战胜後“合法”抢劫，是旧时军人在薪俸以外的“非经常性收入”，甚至在全部收入中占大头。
再说“经常性收入”。略言之，按湘、淮军的“饷章”，士兵“月银”分四级：什长（今语“班长”）四两八钱，亲兵、护勇（勤务兵）四两五钱，正勇（战兵）四两二钱，火勇（炊事兵）三两三钱。然日常发放，并非全额，而是只发八成，馀款在年底或退役时结清，以银票方式，待回本省府县後兑取。“奖费”也分等，如作战受伤：头等赏银十五两，二等十两，三等五两；致残者，另加；阵亡者，恤银三十两。早期，另有杀敌擒敌的奖赏，如，一个人头值五两（并非真要提头来见，割下耳朵即可领钱）；杀死“黄袍贼”（太平军中的高级军官）一名，赏十五两，生擒翻倍。後因太平军中“裹胁”平民太多，士兵滥杀取赏，导致支出大增，遂废止这种奖励，改为根据营官的报告，由统帅随宜酌定赏金数额。
如此，或可猜测，电影中，张文方发五两，许是他受了三等伤？王小三发三两四钱，许是他的身份为亲兵？

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