乌鸦和树叶

2007年6月5日 | 分类: 未分类 | 标签:

蒙不具名网友提醒，搜到高山杉撰《〈静盦文集〉所据叔本华作品考原》。鄙人一不懂哲学，二不知文学，三对静安先生无研究，四不能读英语。四难并，固应对此宏文不发一语才对。但读书掐头不去尾的习惯改不了，还是看到了一点可以商榷的地方。文末云：
我过去读叶嘉莹先生的《王国维及其文学批评》，见她解说王国维另一首《浣溪纱》里“月底栖鸦当叶看，推窗跕跕堕枝间”时，把“跕跕”一语追溯到《后汉书·马援传》，而于“月底栖鸦当叶看” 这个意像，仅做了优美的解说，却没有交代它的出典。这给人一个印象，就是似乎在中国古典文学里，没有人使用过这个意像。我后来查了一些王国维诗词的注释本，对这个意像都没有注出它的出典。后来偶读一本《歌德格言集》的英译本，在第359页上见有这么一句格言“A leaf blown by the wind often looks like a bird”，译出来就是“风吹叶堕常似鸦”。原文是“鸟”（bird），译出来不顺口，就暂时做“鸦”吧。我当时就猜，王国维这首《浣溪纱》，是不是化用了歌德这句格言呢？但是，我还没有证据能够证明王国维看过这本格言集。不过，有一点值得提出来供大家参考，就是这本格言集的英译者，正是英译《叔本华文集》的桑德司。
这是一个“大胆的假设”。但是，A leaf blown by the wind often looks like a bird和月底栖鸦当叶看真有关系么？在中国古典文学里，真没有人使用过这个意像么？窃谓不能无疑。腹笥虽不广，但对于乌鸦可以比喻墨迹、风声、雨声甚至落花落叶，似乎有点依稀恍惚的印象，于是，拿四部丛刊搜他一搜。在搜索结果里把有任何牵强附会嫌疑的都去掉，得出以下结果。
首先看看意境，王词上半阙：“月底栖鸦当叶看，推窗跕跕坠枝间，霜高风定独凭栏”；似与王建《十五夜望月》接近，诗云：“中庭地白树栖鸦。冷露无声湿桂花。今夜月明人尽望。不知秋思在谁家”。静安熟悉王氏宫词，可无疑。至于“月底栖鸦当叶看，推窗跕跕坠枝间”一句，说的是，推窗惊动栖鸦，在月光下，飞鸦似那落叶，纷坠枝丛。是用乌鸦比喻落叶，有没有古典？《檇李詩系》卷三十三广衍《迟五雪》：“日暮还來溪上立，乳鸦如叶缀寒条”。乳鸦如叶，与鸦当叶看，简直是绝配。这不正是“栖鸦当叶看”的古典么？只是有个问题，尽管不算僻书——对博雅君子而言，但谁能保证静安先生一定看过广衍和尚的这首诗？窃谓猜来猜去，不如不猜。bird译作鸦，是第一重假设；在这个假设的基础上，再推测鸦当叶看典出A leaf looks like a bird，是第二重假设。假设复假设，结果就是只有假，不能设。如在空中，叠床造屋。
不过，实在想猜，也可以。放心里猜就行了，侃大山作谈资就行了，不必写到论文里。当然，指出这一点，应无损于高文的高明。

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